pydash

The kitchen sink of Python utility libraries for doing “stuff” in a functional way. Based on the Lo-Dash Javascript library.

Links

• Project: https://github.com/dgilland/pydash
• Documentation: http://pydash.readthedocs.org
• PyPi: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pydash/
• TravisCI: https://travis-ci.org/dgilland/pydash

Quickstart

The functions available from pydash can be used in two styles.

The first is by using the module directly or importing from it:

>>> import pydash
>>> from pydash import flatten

# Arrays
>>> flatten([1, 2, [3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]])
[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]

>>> pydash.flatten_deep([1, 2, [3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

# Collections
>>> pydash.map_([{'name': 'moe', 'age': 40}, {'name': 'larry', 'age': 50}], 'name')
['moe', 'larry']

# Functions
>>> curried = pydash.curry(lambda a, b, c: a + b + c)
>>> curried(1, 2)(3)
6

# Objects
>>> pydash.omit({'name': 'moe', 'age': 40}, 'age')
{'name': 'moe'}

# Utilities
>>> pydash.times(3, lambda index: index)
[0, 1, 2]

# Chaining
>>> pydash.chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1).value()
[1]

The second style is to use the py_ or _ instances (they are the same object as two different aliases):

>>> from pydash import py_

# Method calling which is equivalent to pydash.flatten(...)
>>> py_.flatten([1, 2, [3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]])
[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]

# Method chaining which is equivalent to pydash.chain(...)
>>> py_([1, 2, 3, 4]).without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1).value()
[1]

# Late method chaining
>>> py_().without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1)([1, 2, 3, 4])
[1]

See also

For further details consult API Reference.

Guide

Installation

pydash requires Python >= 2.6 or >= 3.3. It has no external dependencies.

To install from PyPi:

pip install pydash

Quickstart

The functions available from pydash can be used in two styles.

The first is by using the module directly or importing from it:

>>> import pydash
>>> from pydash import flatten

# Arrays
>>> flatten([1, 2, [3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]])
[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]

>>> pydash.flatten_deep([1, 2, [3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

# Collections
>>> pydash.map_([{'name': 'moe', 'age': 40}, {'name': 'larry', 'age': 50}], 'name')
['moe', 'larry']

# Functions
>>> curried = pydash.curry(lambda a, b, c: a + b + c)
>>> curried(1, 2)(3)
6

# Objects
>>> pydash.omit({'name': 'moe', 'age': 40}, 'age')
{'name': 'moe'}

# Utilities
>>> pydash.times(3, lambda index: index)
[0, 1, 2]

# Chaining
>>> pydash.chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1).value()
[1]

The second style is to use the py_ or _ instances (they are the same object as two different aliases):

>>> from pydash import py_

# Method calling which is equivalent to pydash.flatten(...)
>>> py_.flatten([1, 2, [3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]])
[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, [6, 7]]]

# Method chaining which is equivalent to pydash.chain(...)
>>> py_([1, 2, 3, 4]).without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1).value()
[1]

# Late method chaining
>>> py_().without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1)([1, 2, 3, 4])
[1]

See also

For further details consult API Reference.

Lodash Differences

Naming Conventions

pydash adheres to the following conventions:

• Function names use snake_case instead of camelCase.
• Any Lodash function that shares its name with a reserved Python keyword will have an _ appended after it (e.g. filter in Lodash would be filter_ in pydash).
• Lodash’s toArray() is pydash’s to_list().
• Lodash’s functions() is pydash’s callables(). This particular name difference was chosen in order to allow for the functions.py module file to exist at root of the project. Previously, functions.py existed in pydash/api/ but in v2.0.0, it was decided to move everything in api/ to pydash/. Therefore, to avoid import ambiguities, the functions() function was renamed.
• Lodash’s is_native() is pydash’s is_builtin(). This aligns better with Python’s builtins terminology.

Callbacks

There are a few differences between extra callback style support:

• Pydash has an explicit shallow property access of the form ['some_property'] as in pydash.map_([{'a.b': 1, 'a': {'b': 3}}, {'a.b': 2, 'a': {'b': 4}}], ['a.b']) would evaulate to [1, 2] and not [3, 4] (as would be the case for 'a.b').

Extra Functions

In addition to porting Lodash, pydash contains functions found in lodashcontrib, lodashdeep, lodashmath, and underscorestring.

Function Behavior

Some of pydash’s functions behave differently:

• pydash.utilities.memoize() uses all passed in arguments as the cache key by default instead of only using the first argument.

Templating

• pydash doesn’t have template(). See Templating for more details.

Callbacks

For functions that support callbacks, there are several callback styles that can be used.

Callable Style

The most straight-forward callback is a regular callable object. For pydash functions that pass multiple arguments to their callback, the callable’s argument signature does not need to support all arguments. Pydash’s callback system will try to infer the number of supported arguments of the callable and only pass those arguments to the callback. However, there may be some edge cases where this will fail in which case one will need to wrap the callable in a lambda or def ... style function.

The arguments passed to most callbacks are:

callback(item, index, obj)

where item is an element of obj, index is the dict or list index, and obj is the original object being passed in. But not all callbacks support these arguments. Some functions support fewer callback arguments. See API Reference for more details.

>>> users = [
...     {'name': 'Michelangelo', 'active': False},
...     {'name': 'Donatello', 'active': False},
...     {'name': 'Leonardo', 'active': True}
... ]

# Single argument callback.
>>> callback = lambda item: item['name'] == 'Donatello'
>>> pydash.find_index(users, callback)
1

# Two argument callback.
>>> callback = lambda item, index: index == 3
>>> pydash.find_index(users, callback)
-1

# Three argument callback.
>>> callback = lambda item, index, obj: obj[index]['active']
>>> pydash.find_index(users, callback)
2

Shallow Property Style

The shallow property style callback is specified as a one item list containing the property value to return from an element. Internally, pydash.utilities.prop() is used to create the callback.

>>> users = [
...     {'name': 'Michelangelo', 'active': False},
...     {'name': 'Donatello', 'active': False},
...     {'name': 'Leonardo', 'active': True}
... ]
>>> pydash.find_index(users, ['active'])
2

Deep Property Style

The deep property style callback is specified as a deep property string of the nested object value to return from an element. Internally, pydash.utilities.deep_prop() is used to create the callback. See Deep Path Strings for more details.

>>> users = [
...     {'name': 'Michelangelo', 'location': {'city': 'Rome'}},
...     {'name': 'Donatello', 'location': {'city': 'Florence'}},
...     {'name': 'Leonardo', 'location': {'city': 'Amboise'}}
... ]
>>> pydash.map_(users, 'location.city')
['Rome', 'Florence', 'Amboise']

Matches Property Style

The matches property style callback is specified as a two item list containing a property key and value and returns True when an element’s key is equal to value, else False. Internally, pydash.utilities.matches_property() is used to create the callback.

>>> users = [
...     {'name': 'Michelangelo', 'active': False},
...     {'name': 'Donatello', 'active': False},
...     {'name': 'Leonardo', 'active': True}
... ]
>>> pydash.find_index(users, ['active', False])
0
>>> pydash.find_last_index(users, ['active', False])
1

Matches Style

The matches style callback is specified as a dict object and returns True when an element matches the properties of the object, else False. Internally, pydash.utilities.matches() is used to create the callback.

>>> users = [
...     {'name': 'Michelangelo', 'location': {'city': 'Rome'}},
...     {'name': 'Donatello', 'location': {'city': 'Florence'}},
...     {'name': 'Leonardo', 'location': {'city': 'Amboise'}}
... ]
>>> pydash.map_(users, {'location': {'city': 'Florence'}})
[False, True, False]

Deep Path Strings

A deep path string is used to access a nested data structure of arbitrary length. Each level is separated by a "." and can be used on both dictionaries and lists. If a "." is contained in one of the dictionary keys, then it can be escaped using "\". For accessing a dictionary key that is a number, it can be wrapped in brackets like "[1]".

Examples:

>>> data = {'a': {'b': {'c': [0, 0, {'d': [0, {1: 2}]}]}}}
>>> pydash.get(data, 'a.b.c.2.d.1.[1]')
2

>>> data = {'a': {'b.c.d': 2}}
>>> pydash.get(data, r'a.b\.c\.d')
2

Pydash’s callback system supports the deep property style callback using deep path strings.

Method Chaining

Method chaining in pydash is quite simple.

An initial value is provided:

from pydash import py_
py_([1, 2, 3, 4])

# Or through the chain() function
import pydash
pydash.chain([1, 2, 3, 4])

Methods are chained:

py_([1, 2, 3, 4]).without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1)

A final value is computed:

result = py_([1, 2, 3, 4]).without(2, 3).reject(lambda x: x > 1).value()

Lazy Evaluation

Method chaining is deferred (lazy) until .value() is called:

>>> from __future__ import print_function
>>> from pydash import py_

>>> def echo(value): print(value)

>>> lazy = py_([1, 2, 3, 4]).for_each(echo)

# None of the methods have been called yet.

>>> result = lazy.value()
1
2
3
4

# Each of the chained methods have now been called.

>>> assert result == [1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> result = lazy.value()
1
2
3
4

Committing a Chain

If one wishes to create a new chain object seeded with the computed value of another chain, then one can use the commit method:

>>> committed = lazy.commit()
1
2
3
4

>>> committed.value()
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> lazy.value()
1
2
3
4
[1, 2, 3, 4]

Committing is equivalent to:

committed = py_(lazy.value())

Late Value Passing

In v3.0.0 the concept of late value passing was introduced to method chaining. This allows method chains to be re-used with different root values supplied. Essentially, ad-hoc functions can be created via the chaining syntax.

>>> square_sum = py_().power(2).sum()
>>> assert square_sum([1, 2, 3]) == 14
>>> assert square_sum([4, 5, 6]) == 77

>>> square_sum_square = square_sum.power(2)
>>> assert square_sum_square([1, 2, 3]) == 196
>>> assert square_sum_square([4, 5, 6]) == 5929

Planting a Value

To replace the initial value of a chain, use the plant method which will return a cloned chained using the new initial value:

>>> chained = py_([1, 2, 3, 4]).power(2).sum()
>>> chained.value()
30
>>> rechained = chained.plant([5, 6, 7, 8])
>>> rechained.value()
174
>>> chained.value()
30

Module Access

Another feature of the py_ object, is that it provides module access to pydash:

>>> import pydash
>>> from pydash import py_

>>> assert py_.add is pydash.add
>>> py_.add(1, 2) == pydash.add(1, 2)
True

Through py_ any function that ends with "_" can be accessed without the trailing "_":

>>> py_.filter([1, 2, 3], lambda x: x > 1) == pydash.filter_([1, 2, 3], lambda x: x > 1)
True

Templating

Templating has been purposely left out of pydash. Having a custom templating engine was never a goal of pydash even though Lodash includes one. There already exist many mature and battle-tested templating engines like Jinja2 and Mako which are better suited to handling templating needs. However, if there was ever a strong request/justification for having templating in pydash (or a pull-request implementing it), then this decision could be re-evaluated.

Upgrading

From v3.x.x to v4.0.0

Start by reading the full list of changes in v4.0.0 at the Changelog. There are a significant amount of backwards-incompatibilities that will likely need to be addressed:

• All function aliases have been removed in favor of having a single named function for everything. This was done to make things less confusing by having only a single named function that performs an action vs. potentially using two different names for the same function.
• A few functions have been removed whose functionality was duplicated by another function.
• Some functions have been renamed for consistency and to align with Lodash.
• Many functions have had their callback argument moved to another function to align with Lodash.
• The generic callback argument has been renamed to either iteratee, predicate, or comparator. This was done to make it clearer what the callback is doing and to align more with Lodash’s naming conventions.

Once the shock of those backwards-incompatibilities has worn off, discover 72 new functions:

• 19 new array methods

  • pydash.arrays.difference_by()
  • pydash.arrays.difference_with()
  • pydash.arrays.from_pairs()
  • pydash.arrays.intersection_by()
  • pydash.arrays.intersection_with()
  • pydash.arrays.nth()
  • pydash.arrays.pull_all()
  • pydash.arrays.sorted_index_by()
  • pydash.arrays.sorted_index_of()
  • pydash.arrays.sorted_last_index_by()
  • pydash.arrays.sorted_last_index_of()
  • pydash.arrays.sorted_uniq()
  • pydash.arrays.union_by()
  • pydash.arrays.union_with()
  • pydash.arrays.uniq_by()
  • pydash.arrays.uniq_with()
  • pydash.arrays.xor_by()
  • pydash.arrays.xor_with()
  • pydash.arrays.zip_object_deep()

• 6 new collection methods

  • pydash.collections.flat_map()
  • pydash.collections.flat_map_deep()
  • pydash.collections.flat_depth()
  • pydash.collections.flatten_depth()
  • pydash.collections.invoke_map()
  • pydash.collections.sample_size()

• 2 new function methods

  • pydash.functions.flip()
  • pydash.functions.unary()

• 12 new object methods

  • pydash.objects.assign_with()
  • pydash.objects.clone_deep_with()
  • pydash.objects.clone_with()
  • pydash.objects.invert_by()
  • pydash.objects.merge_with()
  • pydash.objects.omit_by()
  • pydash.objects.pick_by()
  • pydash.objects.set_with()
  • pydash.objects.to_integer()
  • pydash.objects.unset()
  • pydash.objects.update()
  • pydash.objects.udpate_with()

• 8 new numerical methods

  • pydash.numerical.clamp()
  • pydash.numerical.divide()
  • pydash.numerical.max_by()
  • pydash.numerical.mean_by()
  • pydash.numerical.min_by()
  • pydash.numerical.multiply()
  • pydash.numerical.subtract()
  • pydash.numerical.sum_by()

• 4 new predicate methods

  • pydash.predicates.eq()
  • pydash.predicates.is_equal_with()
  • pydash.predicates.is_match_with()
  • pydash.predicates.is_set()

• 6 new string methods

  • pydash.strings.lower_case()
  • pydash.strings.lower_first()
  • pydash.strings.to_lower()
  • pydash.strings.to_upper()
  • pydash.strings.upper_case()
  • pydash.strings.upper_first()

• 15 new utility methods

  • pydash.utilities.cond()
  • pydash.utilities.conforms()
  • pydash.utilities.conforms_to()
  • pydash.utilities.default_to()
  • pydash.utilities.nth_arg()
  • pydash.utilities.over()
  • pydash.utilities.over_every()
  • pydash.utilities.over_some()
  • pydash.utilities.range_right()
  • pydash.utilities.stub_list()
  • pydash.utilities.stub_dict()
  • pydash.utilities.stub_false()
  • pydash.utilities.stub_string()
  • pydash.utilities.stub_true()
  • pydash.utilities.to_path()

From v2.x.x to v3.0.0

There were several breaking changes in v3.0.0:

• Make to_string convert None to empty string. (breaking change)
• Make the following functions work with empty strings and None: (breaking change)
  • camel_case
  • capitalize
  • chars
  • chop
  • chop_right
  • class_case
  • clean
  • count_substr
  • decapitalize
  • ends_with
  • join
  • js_replace
  • kebab_case
  • lines
  • quote
  • re_replace
  • replace
  • series_phrase
  • series_phrase_serial
  • starts_with
  • surround
• Reorder function arguments for after from (n, func) to (func, n). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for before from (n, func) to (func, n). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for times from (n, callback) to (callback, n). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for js_match from (reg_exp, text) to (text, reg_exp). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for js_replace from (reg_exp, text, repl) to (text, reg_exp, repl). (breaking change)

And some potential breaking changes:

• Move arrays.join to strings.join (possible breaking change).
• Rename join/implode’s second parameter from delimiter to separator. (possible breaking change)
• Rename split/explode’s second parameter from delimiter to separator. (possible breaking change)

Some notable new features/functions:

• 31 new string methods

  • pydash.strings.chars()
  • pydash.strings.chop()
  • pydash.strings.chop_right()
  • pydash.strings.class_case()
  • pydash.strings.clean()
  • pydash.strings.count_substr()
  • pydash.strings.decapitalize()
  • pydash.strings.has_substr()
  • pydash.strings.human_case()
  • pydash.strings.insert_substr()
  • pydash.strings.lines()
  • pydash.strings.number_format()
  • pydash.strings.pascal_case()
  • pydash.strings.predecessor()
  • pydash.strings.prune()
  • pydash.strings.re_replace()
  • pydash.strings.replace()
  • pydash.strings.separator_case()
  • pydash.strings.series_phrase()
  • pydash.strings.series_phrase_serial()
  • pydash.strings.slugify()
  • pydash.strings.split()
  • pydash.strings.strip_tags()
  • pydash.strings.substr_left()
  • pydash.strings.substr_left_end()
  • pydash.strings.substr_right()
  • pydash.strings.substr_right_end()
  • pydash.strings.successor()
  • pydash.strings.swap_case()
  • pydash.strings.title_case()
  • pydash.strings.unquote()

• 1 new array method

  • pydash.arrays.duplicates()

• 2 new function methods

  • pydash.functions.ary()
  • pydash.functions.rearg()

• 1 new collection method:

  • pydash.collections.sort_by_all()

• 4 new object methods

  • pydash.objects.to_boolean()
  • pydash.objects.to_dict()
  • pydash.objects.to_number()
  • pydash.objects.to_plain_object()

• 4 new predicate methods

  • pydash.predicates.is_blank()
  • pydash.predicates.is_builtin() and alias pydash.predicates.is_native()
  • pydash.predicates.is_match()
  • pydash.predicates.is_tuple()

• 1 new utility method

  • pydash.utilities.prop_of() and alias pydash.utilities.property_of()

• 6 new aliases:

  • pydash.predicates.is_bool() for pydash.predicates.is_boolean()
  • pydash.predicates.is_dict() for pydash.predicates.is_plain_object()
  • pydash.predicates.is_int() for pydash.predicates.is_integer()
  • pydash.predicates.is_num() for pydash.predicates.is_number()
  • pydash.strings.truncate() for pydash.strings.trunc()
  • pydash.strings.underscore_case() for pydash.strings.snake_case()

• Chaining can now accept the root value argument late.

• Chains can be re-used with differnt initial values via chain().plant.

• New chains can be created using the chain’s computed value as the new chain’s initial value via chain().commit.

• Support iteration over class instance properties for non-list, non-dict, and non-iterable objects.

Late Value Chaining

The passing of the root value argument for chaining can now be done “late” meaning that you can build chains without providing a value at the beginning. This allows you to build a chain and re-use it with different root values:

>>> from pydash import py_

>>> square_sum = py_().power(2).sum()

>>> [square_sum([1, 2, 3]), square_sum([4, 5, 6]), square_sum([7, 8, 9])]
[14, 77, 194]

See also

• For more details on method chaining, check out Method Chaining.
• For a full listing of changes in v3.0.0, check out the Changelog.

From v1.x.x to v2.0.0

There were several breaking and potentially breaking changes in v2.0.0:

• pydash.arrays.flatten() is now shallow by default. Previously, it was deep by default. For deep flattening, use either flatten(..., is_deep=True) or flatten_deep(...).
• pydash.predicates.is_number() now returns False for boolean True and False. Previously, it returned True.
• Internally, the files located in pydash.api were moved to pydash. If you imported from pydash.api.<module>, then it’s recommended to change your imports to pull from pydash.
• The function functions() was renamed to callables() to avoid ambiguities with the module functions.py.

Some notable new features:

• Callback functions no longer require the full call signature definition.
• A new “_” instance was added which supports both method chaining and module method calling. See py_ Instance for more details.

See also

For a full listing of changes in v2.0.0, check out the Changelog.

API Reference

Includes links to source code.

API Reference

All public functions are available from the main module.

import pydash

pydash.<function>

This is the recommended way to use pydash.

# OK (importing main module)
import pydash
pydash.where({})

# OK (import from main module)
from pydash import where
where({})

# NOT RECOMMENDED (importing from submodule)
from pydash.collections import where

Only the main pydash module API is guaranteed to adhere to semver. It’s possible that backwards incompatibility outside the main module API could be broken between minor releases.

py_ Instance

There is a special py_ instance available from pydash that supports method calling and method chaining from a single object:

from pydash import py_

# Method calling
py_.initial([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Method chaining
py_([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]).initial().value() == [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Method aliasing to underscore suffixed methods that shadow builtin names
py_.map is py_.map_
py_([1, 2, 3]).map(_.to_string).value() == py_([1, 2, 3]).map_(_.to_string).value()

The py_ instance is basically a combination of using pydash.<function> and pydash.chain.

A full listing of aliased py_ methods:

• _.object is pydash.arrays.object_()
• _.slice is pydash.arrays.slice_()
• _.zip is pydash.arrays.zip_()
• _.all is pydash.collections.all_()
• _.any is pydash.collections.any_()
• _.filter is pydash.collections.filter_()
• _.map is pydash.collections.map_()
• _.max is pydash.collections.max_()
• _.min is pydash.collections.min_()
• _.reduce is pydash.collections.reduce_()
• _.pow is pydash.numerical.pow_()
• _.round is pydash.numerical.round_()
• _.sum is pydash.numerical.sum_()
• _.property is pydash.utilities.property_()
• _.range is pydash.utilities.range_()

Arrays

Functions that operate on lists.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.chunk(array, size=1)

Creates a list of elements split into groups the length of size. If array can’t be split evenly, the final chunk will be the remaining elements.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to chunk.
• size (int, optional) – Chunk size. Defaults to 1.

Returns:

New list containing chunks of array.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> chunk([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2)
[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5]]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.compact(array)

Creates a list with all falsey values of array removed.

Parameters:array (list) – List to compact. Returns:Compacted list. Return type:list

Example

>>> compact(['', 1, 0, True, False, None])
[1, True]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.concat(*arrays)

Concatenates zero or more lists into one.

Parameters:arrays (list) – Lists to concatenate. Returns:Concatenated list. Return type:list

Example

>>> concat([1, 2], [3, 4], [[5], [6]])
[1, 2, 3, 4, [5], [6]]

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from cat to concat.

pydash.arrays.difference(array, *others)

Creates a list of list elements not present in others.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• others (list) – Lists to check.

Returns:

Difference between others.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> difference([1, 2, 3], [1], [2])
[3]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.difference_by(array, *others, **kargs)

This method is like difference() except that it accepts an iteratee which is invoked for each element of each array to generate the criterion by which they’re compared. The order and references of result values are determined by array. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – The array to find the difference of.
• others (list) – Lists to check for difference with array.

Keyword Arguments:  

iteratee (mixed, optional) – Function to transform the elements of the arrays. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Difference between others.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> difference_by([1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.8], [0.9, 3.2], round)
[1.5, 1.7]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.difference_with(array, *others, **kargs)

This method is like difference() except that it accepts a comparator which is invoked to compare the elements of all arrays. The order and references of result values are determined by the first array. The comparator is invoked with two arguments: (arr_val, oth_val).

Parameters:

• array (list) – The array to find the difference of.
• others (list) – Lists to check for difference with array.

Keyword Arguments:  

comparator (callable, optional) – Function to compare the elements of the arrays. Defaults to is_equal().

Returns:

Difference between others.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> array = ['apple', 'banana', 'pear']
>>> others = (['avocado', 'pumpkin'], ['peach'])
>>> comparator = lambda a, b: a[0] == b[0]
>>> difference_with(array, *others, comparator=comparator)
['banana']

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.drop(array, n=1)

Creates a slice of array with n elements dropped from the beginning.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• n (int, optional) – Number of elements to drop. Defaults to 1.

Returns:

Dropped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> drop([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
[3, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Added n argument and removed as alias of rest().

Changed in version 3.0.0: Made n default to 1.

pydash.arrays.drop_right(array, n=1)

Creates a slice of array with n elements dropped from the end.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• n (int, optional) – Number of elements to drop. Defaults to 1.

Returns:

Dropped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> drop_right([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
[1, 2]

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Made n default to 1.

pydash.arrays.drop_right_while(array, predicate=None)

Creates a slice of array excluding elements dropped from the end. Elements are dropped until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• predicate (mixed) – Predicate called per iteration

Returns:

Dropped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> drop_right_while([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
[1, 2]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.drop_while(array, predicate=None)

Creates a slice of array excluding elements dropped from the beginning. Elements are dropped until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• predicate (mixed) – Predicate called per iteration

Returns:

Dropped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> drop_while([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x < 3)
[3, 4]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.duplicates(array, iteratee=None)

Creates a unique list of duplicate values from array. If iteratee is passed, each element of array is passed through a iteratee before duplicates are computed. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array). If an object path is passed for iteratee, the created iteratee will return the path value of the given element. If an object is passed for iteratee, the created filter style iteratee will return True for elements that have the properties of the given object, else False.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

List of duplicates.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> duplicates([0, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1])
[3, 1]

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.arrays.fill(array, value, start=0, end=None)

Fills elements of array with value from start up to, but not including, end.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to fill.
• value (mixed) – Value to fill with.
• start (int, optional) – Index to start filling. Defaults to 0.
• end (int, optional) – Index to end filling. Defaults to len(array).

Returns:

Filled array.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> fill([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0)
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> fill([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0, 1, 3)
[1, 0, 0, 4, 5]
>>> fill([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0, 0, 100)
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]

Warning

array is modified in place.

New in version 3.1.0.

pydash.arrays.find_index(array, predicate=None)

This method is similar to pydash.collections.find(), except that it returns the index of the element that passes the predicate check, instead of the element itself.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Index of found item or -1 if not found.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> find_index([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
2
>>> find_index([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x > 4)
-1

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.find_last_index(array, predicate=None)

This method is similar to find_index(), except that it iterates over elements from right to left.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Index of found item or -1 if not found.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> find_last_index([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
3
>>> find_index([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x > 4)
-1

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.flatten(array)

Flattens a nested array. If is_deep is True the array is recursively flattened, otherwise it is only flattened a single level.

Parameters:array (list) – List to flatten. Returns:Flattened list. Return type:list

Example

>>> flatten([[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]])
[1, 2, [3], [4]]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Removed callback option. Added is_deep option. Made it shallow by default.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed is_deep option. Use flatten_deep() instead.

pydash.arrays.flatten_deep(array)

Flattens a nested array recursively. This is the same as calling flatten(array, is_deep=True).

Parameters:array (list) – List to flatten. Returns:Flattened list. Return type:list

Example

>>> flatten_deep([[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]])
[1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.arrays.flatten_depth(array, depth=1)

Recursively flatten array up to depth times.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to flatten.
• depth (int, optional) – Depth to flatten to. Defaults to 1.

Returns:

Flattened list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> flatten_depth([[[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]]], 1)
[[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]]
>>> flatten_depth([[[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]]], 2)
[1, 2, [3], [4]]
>>> flatten_depth([[[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]]], 3)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> flatten_depth([[[1], [2, [3]], [[4]]]], 4)
[1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.from_pairs(pairs)

Returns a dict from the given list of pairs.

Parameters:pairs (list) – List of key-value pairs. Returns:dict

Example

>>> from_pairs([['a', 1], ['b', 2]]) == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.head(array)

Return the first element of array.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:First element of list. Return type:mixed

Example

>>> head([1, 2, 3, 4])
1

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version Renamed: from first to head.

pydash.arrays.index_of(array, value, from_index=0)

Gets the index at which the first occurrence of value is found.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to search.
• value (mixed) – Value to search for.
• from_index (int, optional) – Index to search from.

Returns:

Index of found item or -1 if not found.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> index_of([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
1
>>> index_of([2, 1, 2, 3], 2, from_index=1)
2

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.initial(array)

Return all but the last element of array.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Initial part of array. Return type:list

Example

>>> initial([1, 2, 3, 4])
[1, 2, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.intercalate(array, separator)

Like intersperse() for lists of lists but shallowly flattening the result.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to intercalate.
• separator (mixed) – Element to insert.

Returns:

Intercalated list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> intercalate([1, [2], [3], 4], 'x')
[1, 'x', 2, 'x', 3, 'x', 4]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.arrays.interleave(*arrays)

Merge multiple lists into a single list by inserting the next element of each list by sequential round-robin into the new list.

Parameters:arrays (list) – Lists to interleave. Returns:Interleaved list. Return type:list

Example

>>> interleave([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9])
[1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 8, 3, 6, 9]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.arrays.intersection(array, *others)

Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays.

Parameters:

• array (list) – The array to find the intersection of.
• others (list) – Lists to check for intersection with array.

Returns:

Intersection of provided lists.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> intersection([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 3])
[2, 3]

>>> intersection([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Support finding intersection of unhashable types.

pydash.arrays.intersection_by(array, *others, **kargs)

This method is like intersection() except that it accepts an iteratee which is invoked for each element of each array to generate the criterion by which they’re compared. The order and references of result values are determined by array. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – The array to find the intersection of.
• others (list) – Lists to check for intersection with array.

Keyword Arguments:  

iteratee (mixed, optional) – Function to transform the elements of the arrays. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Intersection of provided lists.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> intersection_by([1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.8], [0.9, 3.2], round)
[1.2, 2.8]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.intersection_with(array, *others, **kargs)

This method is like intersection() except that it accepts a comparator which is invoked to compare the elements of all arrays. The order and references of result values are determined by the first array. The comparator is invoked with two arguments: (arr_val, oth_val).

Parameters:

• array (list) – The array to find the intersection of.
• others (list) – Lists to check for intersection with array.

Keyword Arguments:  

comparator (callable, optional) – Function to compare the elements of the arrays. Defaults to is_equal().

Returns:

Intersection of provided lists.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> array = ['apple', 'banana', 'pear']
>>> others = (['avocado', 'pumpkin'], ['peach'])
>>> comparator = lambda a, b: a[0] == b[0]
>>> intersection_with(array, *others, comparator=comparator)
['pear']

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.intersperse(array, separator)

Insert a separating element between the elements of array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to intersperse.
• separator (mixed) – Element to insert.

Returns:

Interspersed list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> intersperse([1, [2], [3], 4], 'x')
[1, 'x', [2], 'x', [3], 'x', 4]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.arrays.last(array)

Return the last element of array.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Last part of array. Return type:mixed

Example

>>> last([1, 2, 3, 4])
4

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.last_index_of(array, value, from_index=None)

Gets the index at which the last occurrence of value is found.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to search.
• value (mixed) – Value to search for.
• from_index (int, optional) – Index to search from.

Returns:

Index of found item or False if not found.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> last_index_of([1, 2, 2, 4], 2)
2
>>> last_index_of([1, 2, 2, 4], 2, from_index=1)
1

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.mapcat(array, iteratee=None)

Map a iteratee to each element of a list and concatenate the results into a single list using cat().

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to map and concatenate.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee to apply to each element.

Returns:

Mapped and concatenated list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> mapcat(range(4), lambda x: list(range(x)))
[0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.arrays.nth(array, pos=0)

Gets the element at index n of array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List passed in by the user.
• pos (int) – Index of element to return.

Returns:

Returns the element at pos.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> nth([1, 2, 3], 0)
1
>>> nth([3, 4, 5, 6], 2)
5
>>> nth([11, 22, 33], -1)
33
>>> nth([11, 22, 33])
11

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.pull(array, *values)

Removes all provided values from the given array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to pull from.
• values (mixed) – Values to remove.

Returns:

Modified array.

Return type:

list

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> pull([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4], 2, 3)
[1, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: pull() method now calls pull_all() method for the desired functionality.

pydash.arrays.pull_all(array, values)

Removes all provided values from the given array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – Array to modify.
• values (list) – Values to remove.

Returns:

Modified array.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> pull_all([1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4], [2, 3])
[1, 4]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.pull_all_by(array, values, iteratee=None)

This method is like pull_all() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for each element of array and values to generate the criterion by which they’re compared. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – Array to modify.
• values (list) – Values to remove.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Function to transform the elements of the arrays. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Modified array.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> array = [{'x': 1}, {'x': 2}, {'x': 3}, {'x': 1}]
>>> pull_all_by(array, [{'x': 1}, {'x': 3}], 'x')
[{'x': 2}]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.pull_all_with(array, values, comparator=None)

This method is like pull_all() except that it accepts comparator which is invoked to compare elements of array to values. The comparator is invoked with two arguments: (arr_val, oth_val).

Parameters:

• array (list) – Array to modify.
• values (list) – Values to remove.
• comparator (callable, optional) – Function to compare the elements of the arrays. Defaults to is_equal().

Returns:

Modified array.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> array = [{'x': 1, 'y': 2}, {'x': 3, 'y': 4}, {'x': 5, 'y': 6}]
>>> res = pull_all_with(array, [{'x': 3, 'y': 4}], lambda a, b: a == b)
>>> res == [{'x': 1, 'y': 2}, {'x': 5, 'y': 6}]
True
>>> array = [{'x': 1, 'y': 2}, {'x': 3, 'y': 4}, {'x': 5, 'y': 6}]
>>> res = pull_all_with(array, [{'x': 3, 'y': 4}], lambda a, b: a != b)
>>> res == [{'x': 3, 'y': 4}]
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.pull_at(array, *indexes)

Removes elements from array corresponding to the specified indexes and returns a list of the removed elements. Indexes may be specified as a list of indexes or as individual arguments.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to pull from.
• indexes (int) – Indexes to pull.

Returns:

Modified array.

Return type:

list

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> pull_at([1, 2, 3, 4], 0, 2)
[2, 4]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.push(array, *items)

Push items onto the end of array and return modified array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to push to.
• items (mixed) – Items to append.

Returns:

Modified array.

Return type:

list

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> array = [1, 2, 3]
>>> push(array, 4, 5, [6])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, [6]]

New in version 2.2.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias append.

pydash.arrays.remove(array, predicate=None)

Removes all elements from a list that the predicate returns truthy for and returns an array of removed elements.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to remove elements from.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Removed elements of array.

Return type:

list

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> items = remove(array, lambda x: x >= 3)
>>> items
[3, 4]
>>> array
[1, 2]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.reverse(array)

Return array in reverse order.

Parameters:array (list|string) – Object to process. Returns:Reverse of object. Return type:list|string

Example

>>> reverse([1, 2, 3, 4])
[4, 3, 2, 1]

New in version 2.2.0.

pydash.arrays.shift(array)

Remove the first element of array and return it.

Parameters:array (list) – List to shift. Returns:First element of array. Return type:mixed

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> item = shift(array)
>>> item
1
>>> array
[2, 3, 4]

New in version 2.2.0.

pydash.arrays.slice_(array, start=0, end=None)

Slices array from the start index up to, but not including, the end index.

Parameters:

• array (list) – Array to slice.
• start (int, optional) – Start index. Defaults to 0.
• end (int, optional) – End index. Defaults to selecting the value at start index.

Returns:

Sliced list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> slice_([1, 2, 3, 4])
[1]
>>> slice_([1, 2, 3, 4], 1)
[2]
>>> slice_([1, 2, 3, 4], 1, 3)
[2, 3]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.sort(array, comparator=None, key=None, reverse=False)

Sort array using optional comparator, key, and reverse options and return sorted array.

Note

Python 3 removed the option to pass a custom comparator function and instead only allows a key function. Therefore, if a comparator function is passed in, it will be converted to a key function automatically using functools.cmp_to_key.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to sort.
• comparator (callable, optional) – A custom comparator function used to sort the list. Function should accept two arguments and return a negative, zero, or position number depending on whether the first argument is considered smaller than, equal to, or larger than the second argument. Defaults to None. This argument is mutually exclusive with key.
• key (iteratee, optional) – A function of one argument used to extract a a comparator key from each list element. Defaults to None. This argument is mutually exclusive with comparator.
• reverse (bool, optional) – Whether to reverse the sort. Defaults to False.

Returns:

Sorted list.

Return type:

list

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> sort([2, 1, 4, 3])
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> sort([2, 1, 4, 3], reverse=True)
[4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> results = sort([{'a': 2, 'b': 1},                            {'a': 3, 'b': 2},                            {'a': 0, 'b': 3}],                           key=lambda item: item['a'])
>>> assert results == [{'a': 0, 'b': 3},                               {'a': 2, 'b': 1},                               {'a': 3, 'b': 2}]

New in version 2.2.0.

pydash.arrays.sorted_index(array, value)

Uses a binary search to determine the lowest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to inspect.
• value (mixed) – Value to evaluate.

Returns:

Returns the index at which value should be inserted into

array.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> sorted_index([1, 2, 2, 3, 4], 2)
1

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Move iteratee support to sorted_index_by().

pydash.arrays.sorted_index_by(array, value, iteratee=None)

This method is like sorted_index() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for value and each element of array to compute their sort ranking. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to inspect.
• value (mixed) – Value to evaluate.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – The iteratee invoked per element. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Returns the index at which value should be inserted into

array.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> array = [{'x': 4}, {'x': 5}]
>>> sorted_index_by(array, {'x': 4}, lambda o: o['x'])
0
>>> sorted_index_by(array, {'x': 4}, 'x')
0

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.sorted_index_of(array, value)

Returns the index of the matched value from the sorted array, else -1.

Parameters:

• array (list) – Array to inspect.
• value (mixed) – Value to search for.

Returns:

Returns the index of the first matched value, else -1.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> sorted_index_of([3, 5, 7, 10], 3)
0
>>> sorted_index_of([10, 10, 5, 7, 3], 10)
-1

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.sorted_last_index(array, value)

This method is like sorted_index() except that it returns the highest index at which value should be inserted into array in order to maintain its sort order.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to inspect.
• value (mixed) – Value to evaluate.

Returns:

Returns the index at which value should be inserted into

array.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> sorted_last_index([1, 2, 2, 3, 4], 2)
3

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Move iteratee support to sorted_last_index_by().

pydash.arrays.sorted_last_index_by(array, value, iteratee=None)

This method is like sorted_last_index() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for value and each element of array to compute their sort ranking. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to inspect.
• value (mixed) – Value to evaluate.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – The iteratee invoked per element. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Returns the index at which value should be inserted into

array.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> array = [{'x': 4}, {'x': 5}]
>>> sorted_last_index_by(array, {'x': 4}, lambda o: o['x'])
1
>>> sorted_last_index_by(array, {'x': 4}, 'x')
1

pydash.arrays.sorted_last_index_of(array, value)

This method is like last_index_of() except that it performs a binary search on a sorted array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – Array to inspect.
• value (mixed) – Value to search for.

Returns:

Returns the index of the matched value, else -1.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> sorted_last_index_of([4, 5, 5, 5, 6], 5)
3
>>> sorted_last_index_of([6, 5, 5, 5, 4], 6)
-1

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.sorted_uniq(array)

Return sorted array with unique elements.

Parameters:array (list) – List of values to be sorted. Returns:List of unique elements in a sorted fashion. Return type:list

Example

>>> sorted_uniq([4, 2, 2, 5])
[2, 4, 5]
>>> sorted_uniq([-2, -2, 4, 1])
[-2, 1, 4]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.sorted_uniq_by(array, iteratee=None)

This method is like sorted_uniq() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for each element in array to generate the criterion by which uniqueness is computed. The order of result values is determined by the order they occur in the array. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List of values to be sorted.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Function to transform the elements of the arrays. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Unique list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> sorted_uniq_by([3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1], lambda val: val % 2)
[2, 3]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.splice(array, start, count=None, *items)

Modify the contents of array by inserting elements starting at index start and removing count number of elements after.

Parameters:

• array (list|str) – List to splice.
• start (int) – Start to splice at.
• count (int, optional) – Number of items to remove starting at start. If None then all items after start are removed. Defaults to None.
• items (mixed) – Elements to insert starting at start. Each item is inserted in the order given.

Returns:

The removed elements of array or the spliced string.

Return type:

list|str

Warning

array is modified in place if list.

Example

>>> array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> splice(array, 1)
[2, 3, 4]
>>> array
[1]
>>> array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> splice(array, 1, 2)
[2, 3]
>>> array
[1, 4]
>>> array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> splice(array, 1, 2, 0, 0)
[2, 3]
>>> array
[1, 0, 0, 4]

New in version 2.2.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Support string splicing.

pydash.arrays.split_at(array, index)

Returns a list of two lists composed of the split of array at index.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to split.
• index (int) – Index to split at.

Returns:

Split list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> split_at([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
[[1, 2], [3, 4]]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.arrays.tail(array)

Return all but the first element of array.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Rest of the list. Return type:list

Example

>>> tail([1, 2, 3, 4])
[2, 3, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from rest to tail.

pydash.arrays.take(array, n=1)

Creates a slice of array with n elements taken from the beginning.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• n (int, optional) – Number of elements to take. Defaults to 1.

Returns:

Taken list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> take([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
[1, 2]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Added n argument and removed as alias of first().

Changed in version 3.0.0: Made n default to 1.

pydash.arrays.take_right(array, n=1)

Creates a slice of array with n elements taken from the end.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• n (int, optional) – Number of elements to take. Defaults to 1.

Returns:

Taken list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> take_right([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
[3, 4]

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Made n default to 1.

pydash.arrays.take_right_while(array, predicate=None)

Creates a slice of array with elements taken from the end. Elements are taken until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• predicate (mixed) – Predicate called per iteration

Returns:

Dropped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> take_right_while([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
[3, 4]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.take_while(array, predicate=None)

Creates a slice of array with elements taken from the beginning. Elements are taken until the predicate returns falsey. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• predicate (mixed) – Predicate called per iteration

Returns:

Taken list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> take_while([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x < 3)
[1, 2]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.arrays.union(array, *others)

Computes the union of the passed-in arrays.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to union with.
• others (list) – Lists to unionize with array.

Returns:

Unionized list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> union([1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.union_by(array, *others, **kargs)

This method is similar to union() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for each element of each arrays to generate the criterion by which uniqueness is computed.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to unionize with.
• others (list) – Lists to unionize with array.

Keyword Arguments:  

iteratee (function) – Function to invoke on each element.

Returns:

Unionized list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> union_by([1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], iteratee=lambda x: x % 2)
[1, 2]
>>> union_by([1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], iteratee=lambda x: x % 9)
[1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.union_with(array, *others, **kargs)

This method is like union() except that it accepts comparator which is invoked to compare elements of arrays. Result values are chosen from the first array in which the value occurs.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to unionize with.
• others (list) – Lists to unionize with array.

Keyword Arguments:  

comparator (callable, optional) – Function to compare the elements of the arrays. Defaults to is_equal().

Returns:

Unionized list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> comparator = lambda a, b: (a % 2) == (b % 2)
>>> union_with([1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4], comparator=comparator)
[1, 2]
>>> union_with([1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4])
[1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.uniq(array)

Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the array. If iteratee is passed, each element of array is passed through a iteratee before uniqueness is computed. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, index, array). If an object path is passed for iteratee, the created iteratee will return the path value of the given element. If an object is passed for iteratee, the created filter style iteratee will return True for elements that have the properties of the given object, else False.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Unique list. Return type:list

Example

>>> uniq([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0:

• Moved iteratee argument to uniq_by().

• Removed alias unique.

pydash.arrays.uniq_by(array, iteratee=None)

This method is like uniq() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for each element in array to generate the criterion by which uniqueness is computed. The order of result values is determined by the order they occur in the array. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Function to transform the elements of the arrays. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

Unique list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> uniq_by([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], lambda val: val % 2)
[1, 2]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.uniq_with(array, comparator=None)

This method is like uniq() except that it accepts comparator which is invoked to compare elements of array. The order of result values is determined by the order they occur in the array.The comparator is invoked with two arguments: (value, other).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• comparator (callable, optional) – Function to compare the elements of the arrays. Defaults to is_equal().

Returns:

Unique list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> uniq_with([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], lambda a, b: (a % 2) == (b % 2))
[1, 2]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.unshift(array, *items)

Insert the given elements at the beginning of array and return the modified list.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to modify.
• items (mixed) – Items to insert.

Returns:

Modified list.

Return type:

list

Warning

array is modified in place.

Example

>>> array = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> unshift(array, -1, -2)
[-1, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> array
[-1, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 2.2.0.

pydash.arrays.unzip(array)

The inverse of zip_(), this method splits groups of elements into lists composed of elements from each group at their corresponding indexes.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Unzipped list. Return type:list

Example

>>> unzip([[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]])
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.unzip_with(array, iteratee=None)

This method is like unzip() except that it accepts a iteratee to specify how regrouped values should be combined. The iteratee is invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, index, group).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• iteratee (callable, optional) – Function to combine regrouped values.

Returns:

Unzipped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> from pydash import add
>>> unzip_with([[1, 10, 100], [2, 20, 200]], add)
[3, 30, 300]

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.arrays.without(array, *values)

Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to filter.
• values (mixed) – Values to remove.

Returns:

Filtered list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> without([1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 4], 2, 4)
[1, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.xor(array, *lists)

Creates a list that is the symmetric difference of the provided lists.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• *lists (list) – Lists to xor with.

Returns:

XOR’d list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> xor([1, 3, 4], [1, 2, 4], [2])
[3]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.xor_by(array, *lists, **kargs)

This method is like xor() except that it accepts iteratee which is invoked for each element of each arrays to generate the criterion by which by which they’re compared. The order of result values is determined by the order they occur in the arrays. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• *lists (list) – Lists to xor with.

Keyword Arguments:  

iteratee (mixed, optional) – Function to transform the elements of the arrays. Defaults to identity().

Returns:

XOR’d list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> xor_by([2.1, 1.2], [2.3, 3.4], round)
[1.2, 3.4]
>>> xor_by([{'x': 1}], [{'x': 2}, {'x': 1}], 'x')
[{'x': 2}]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.xor_with(array, *lists, **kargs)

This method is like xor() except that it accepts comparator which is invoked to compare elements of arrays. The order of result values is determined by the order they occur in the arrays. The comparator is invoked with two arguments: (arr_val, oth_val).

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• *lists (list) – Lists to xor with.

Keyword Arguments:  

comparator (callable, optional) – Function to compare the elements of the arrays. Defaults to is_equal().

Returns:

XOR’d list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> objects = [{'x': 1, 'y': 2}, {'x': 2, 'y': 1}]
>>> others = [{'x': 1, 'y': 1}, {'x': 1, 'y': 2}]
>>> expected = [{'y': 1, 'x': 2}, {'y': 1, 'x': 1}]
>>> xor_with(objects, others, lambda a, b: a == b) == expected
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.zip_(*arrays)

Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.

Parameters:arrays (list) – Lists to process. Returns:Zipped list. Return type:list

Example

>>> zip_([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9])
[[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.arrays.zip_object(keys, values=None)

Creates a dict composed from lists of keys and values. Pass either a single two dimensional list, i.e. [[key1, value1], [key2, value2]], or two lists, one of keys and one of corresponding values.

Parameters:

• keys (list) – Either a list of keys or a list of [key, value] pairs.
• values (list, optional) – List of values to zip.

Returns:

Zipped dict.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> zip_object([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
{1: 4, 2: 5, 3: 6}

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias object_.

pydash.arrays.zip_object_deep(keys, values=None)

This method is like zip_object() except that it supports property paths.

Parameters:

• keys (list) – Either a list of keys or a list of [key, value] pairs.
• values (list, optional) – List of values to zip.

Returns:

Zipped dict.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> expected = {'a': {'b': {'c': 1, 'd': 2}}}
>>> zip_object_deep(['a.b.c', 'a.b.d'], [1, 2]) == expected
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.arrays.zip_with(*arrays, **kargs)

This method is like zip() except that it accepts a iteratee to specify how grouped values should be combined. The iteratee is invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, index, group).

Parameters:*arrays (list) – Lists to process. Keyword Arguments:  iteratee (function) – Function to combine grouped values. Returns:Zipped list of grouped elements. Return type:list

Example

>>> from pydash import add
>>> zip_with([1, 2], [10, 20], [100, 200], add)
[111, 222]
>>> zip_with([1, 2], [10, 20], [100, 200], iteratee=add)
[111, 222]

New in version 3.3.0.

Chaining

Method chaining interface.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.chaining.chain(value=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Creates a Chain object which wraps the given value to enable intuitive method chaining. Chaining is lazy and won’t compute a final value until Chain.value() is called.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to initialize chain operations with. Returns:Instance of Chain initialized with value. Return type:Chain

Example

>>> chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).map(lambda x: x * 2).sum().value()
20
>>> chain().map(lambda x: x * 2).sum()([1, 2, 3, 4])
20

>>> summer = chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).sum()
>>> new_summer = summer.plant([1, 2])
>>> new_summer.value()
3
>>> summer.value()
10

>>> def echo(item): print(item)
>>> summer = chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).for_each(echo).sum()
>>> committed = summer.commit()
1
2
3
4
>>> committed.value()
10
>>> summer.value()
1
2
3
4
10

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Made chaining lazy.

Changed in version 3.0.0:

• Added support for late passing of value.

• Added Chain.plant() for replacing initial chain value.

• Added Chain.commit() for returning a new Chain instance initialized with the results from calling Chain.value().

pydash.chaining.tap(value, interceptor)

Invokes interceptor with the value as the first argument and then returns value. The purpose of this method is to “tap into” a method chain in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Current value of chain operation.
• interceptor (function) – Function called on value.

Returns:

value after interceptor call.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> data = []
>>> def log(value): data.append(value)
>>> chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).map(lambda x: x * 2).tap(log).value()
[2, 4, 6, 8]
>>> data
[[2, 4, 6, 8]]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.chaining.thru(value, interceptor)

Returns the result of calling interceptor on value. The purpose of this method is to pass value through a function during a method chain.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Current value of chain operation.
• interceptor (function) – Function called with value.

Returns:

Results of interceptor(value).

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> chain([1, 2, 3, 4]).thru(lambda x: x * 2).value()
[1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 2.0.0.

Collections

Functions that operate on lists and dicts.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.at(collection, *paths)

Creates a list of elements from the specified indexes, or keys, of the collection. Indexes may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of indexes.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• *paths (mixed) – The indexes of collection to retrieve, specified as individual indexes or arrays of indexes.

Returns:

filtered list

Return type:

list

Example

>>> at([1, 2, 3, 4], 0, 2)
[1, 3]
>>> at({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}, 'a', 'c')
[1, 3]
>>> at({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': {'e': 3}}}, 'a', ['c', 'd', 'e'])
[1, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.1.0: Support deep path access.

pydash.collections.count_by(collection, iteratee=None)

Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running each element of collection through the iteratee.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Dict containing counts by key.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> results = count_by([1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> assert results == {1: 2, 2: 2, 3: 1, 4: 1}
>>> results = count_by(['a', 'A', 'B', 'b'], lambda x: x.lower())
>>> assert results == {'a': 2, 'b': 2}
>>> results = count_by({'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 3})
>>> assert results == {1: 2, 3: 2}

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.every(collection, predicate=None)

Checks if the predicate returns a truthy value for all elements of a collection. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection). If a property name is passed for predicate, the created pluck() style predicate will return the property value of the given element. If an object is passed for predicate, the created where() style predicate will return True for elements that have the properties of the given object, else False.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Whether all elements are truthy.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> every([1, True, 'hello'])
True
>>> every([1, False, 'hello'])
False
>>> every([{'a': 1}, {'a': True}, {'a': 'hello'}], 'a')
True
>>> every([{'a': 1}, {'a': False}, {'a': 'hello'}], 'a')
False
>>> every([{'a': 1}, {'a': 1}], {'a': 1})
True
>>> every([{'a': 1}, {'a': 2}], {'a': 1})
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.filter_(collection, predicate=None)

Iterates over elements of a collection, returning a list of all elements the predicate returns truthy for.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Filtered list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> results = filter_([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'a': 1, 'b': 3}], {'a': 1})
>>> assert results == [{'a': 1}, {'a': 1, 'b': 3}]
>>> filter_([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
[3, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias select.

pydash.collections.find(collection, predicate=None)

Iterates over elements of a collection, returning the first element that the predicate returns truthy for.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

First element found or None.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> find([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
3
>>> find([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'a': 1, 'b': 2}], {'a': 1})
{'a': 1}

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed aliases detect and find_where.

pydash.collections.find_last(collection, predicate=None)

This method is like find() except that it iterates over elements of a collection from right to left.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Last element found or None.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> find_last([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
4
>>> results = find_last([{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'a': 1, 'b': 2}],                                 {'a': 1})
>>> assert results == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.flat_map(collection, iteratee=None)

Creates a flattened list of values by running each element in collection thru iteratee and flattening the mapped results. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Flattened mapped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> duplicate = lambda n: [[n, n]]
>>> flat_map([1, 2], duplicate)
[[1, 1], [2, 2]]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.collections.flat_map_deep(collection, iteratee=None)

This method is like flat_map() except that it recursively flattens the mapped results.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Flattened mapped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> duplicate = lambda n: [[n, n]]
>>> flat_map_deep([1, 2], duplicate)
[1, 1, 2, 2]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.collections.flat_map_depth(collection, iteratee=None, depth=1)

This method is like flat_map() except that it recursively flattens the mapped results up to depth times.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Flattened mapped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> duplicate = lambda n: [[n, n]]
>>> flat_map_depth([1, 2], duplicate, 1)
[[1, 1], [2, 2]]
>>> flat_map_depth([1, 2], duplicate, 2)
[1, 1, 2, 2]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.collections.for_each(collection, iteratee=None)

Iterates over elements of a collection, executing the iteratee for each element.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

collection

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> results = {}
>>> def cb(x): results[x] = x ** 2
>>> for_each([1, 2, 3, 4], cb)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> assert results == {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias each.

pydash.collections.for_each_right(collection, iteratee)

This method is like for_each() except that it iterates over elements of a collection from right to left.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

collection

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> results = {'total': 1}
>>> def cb(x): results['total'] = x * results['total']
>>> for_each_right([1, 2, 3, 4], cb)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> assert results == {'total': 24}

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias each_right.

pydash.collections.group_by(collection, iteratee=None)

Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running each element of a collection through the iteratee.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Results of grouping by iteratee.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> results = group_by([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}], 'a')
>>> assert results == {1: [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}], 3: [{'a': 3, 'b': 4}]}
>>> results = group_by([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}], {'a': 1})
>>> assert results == {False: [{'a': 3, 'b': 4}],                               True: [{'a': 1, 'b': 2}]}

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.includes(collection, target, from_index=0)

Checks if a given value is present in a collection. If from_index is negative, it is used as the offset from the end of the collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• target (mixed) – Target value to compare to.
• from_index (int, optional) – Offset to start search from.

Returns:

Whether target is in collection.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> includes([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
True
>>> includes([1, 2, 3, 4], 2, from_index=2)
False
>>> includes({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}, 2)
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from contains to includes and removed alias include.

pydash.collections.invoke_map(collection, path, *args, **kargs)

Invokes the method at path of each element in collection, returning a list of the results of each invoked method. Any additional arguments are provided to each invoked method. If path is a function, it’s invoked for each element in collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• path (str|func) – String path to method to invoke or callable to invoke for each element in collection.
• args (optional) – Arguments to pass to method call.
• kargs (optional) – Keyword arguments to pass to method call.

Returns:

List of results of invoking method of each item.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> items = [{'a': [{'b': 1}]}, {'a': [{'c': 2}]}]
>>> expected = [{'b': 1}.items(), {'c': 2}.items()]
>>> invoke_map(items, 'a[0].items') == expected
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.collections.key_by(collection, iteratee=None)

Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running each element of the collection through the given iteratee.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Results of indexing by iteratee.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> results = key_by([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}], 'a')
>>> assert results == {1: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 3: {'a': 3, 'b': 4}}

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from index_by to key_by.

pydash.collections.map_(collection, iteratee=None)

Creates an array of values by running each element in the collection through the iteratee. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection). If a property name is passed for iteratee, the created pluck() style iteratee will return the property value of the given element. If an object is passed for iteratee, the created where() style iteratee will return True for elements that have the properties of the given object, else False.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Mapped list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> map_([1, 2, 3, 4], str)
['1', '2', '3', '4']
>>> map_([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}, {'a': 5, 'b': 6}], 'a')
[1, 3, 5]
>>> map_([[[0, 1]], [[2, 3]], [[4, 5]]], '0.1')
[1, 3, 5]
>>> map_([{'a': {'b': 1}}, {'a': {'b': 2}}], 'a.b')
[1, 2]
>>> map_([{'a': {'b': [0, 1]}}, {'a': {'b': [2, 3]}}], 'a.b[1]')
[1, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias collect.

pydash.collections.nest(collection, *properties)

This method is like group_by() except that it supports nested grouping by multiple string properties. If only a single key is given, it is like calling group_by(collection, prop).

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• *properties (str) – Properties to nest by.

Returns:

Results of nested grouping by properties.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> results = nest([{'shape': 'square', 'color': 'red', 'qty': 5},                            {'shape': 'square', 'color': 'blue', 'qty': 10},                            {'shape': 'square', 'color': 'orange', 'qty': 5},                            {'shape': 'circle', 'color': 'yellow', 'qty': 5},                            {'shape': 'circle', 'color': 'pink', 'qty': 10},                            {'shape': 'oval', 'color': 'purple', 'qty': 5}],                           'shape', 'qty')
>>> expected = {            'square': {5: [{'shape': 'square', 'color': 'red', 'qty': 5},                           {'shape': 'square', 'color': 'orange', 'qty': 5}],                       10: [{'shape': 'square', 'color': 'blue', 'qty': 10}]},            'circle': {5: [{'shape': 'circle', 'color': 'yellow', 'qty': 5}],                       10: [{'shape': 'circle', 'color': 'pink', 'qty': 10}]},            'oval': {5: [{'shape': 'oval', 'color': 'purple', 'qty': 5}]}}
>>> results == expected
True

New in version 4.3.0.

pydash.collections.order_by(collection, keys, orders=None, reverse=False)

This method is like sort_by() except that it sorts by key names instead of an iteratee function. Keys can be sorted in descending order by prepending a "-" to the key name (e.g. "name" would become "-name") or by passing a list of boolean sort options via orders where True is ascending and False is descending.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• keys (list) – List of keys to sort by. By default, keys will be sorted in ascending order. To sort a key in descending order, prepend a "-" to the key name. For example, to sort the key value for "name" in descending order, use "-name".
• orders (list, optional) – List of boolean sort orders to apply for each key. True corresponds to ascending order while False is descending. Defaults to None.
• reverse (bool, optional) – Whether to reverse the sort. Defaults to False.

Returns:

Sorted list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> items = [{'a': 2, 'b': 1}, {'a': 3, 'b': 2}, {'a': 1, 'b': 3}]
>>> results = order_by(items, ['b', 'a'])
>>> assert results == [{'a': 2, 'b': 1},                               {'a': 3, 'b': 2},                               {'a': 1, 'b': 3}]
>>> results = order_by(items, ['a', 'b'])
>>> assert results == [{'a': 1, 'b': 3},                               {'a': 2, 'b': 1},                               {'a': 3, 'b': 2}]
>>> results = order_by(items, ['-a', 'b'])
>>> assert results == [{'a': 3, 'b': 2},                               {'a': 2, 'b': 1},                               {'a': 1, 'b': 3}]
>>> results = order_by(items, ['a', 'b'], [False, True])
>>> assert results == [{'a': 3, 'b': 2},                               {'a': 2, 'b': 1},                               {'a': 1, 'b': 3}]

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 3.2.0: Added orders argument.

Changed in version 3.2.0: Added sort_by_order() as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from order_by to order_by and removed alias sort_by_order.

pydash.collections.partition(collection, predicate=None)

Creates an array of elements split into two groups, the first of which contains elements the predicate returns truthy for, while the second of which contains elements the predicate returns falsey for. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection).

If a property name is provided for predicate the created pluck() style predicate returns the property value of the given element.

If an object is provided for predicate the created where() style predicate returns True for elements that have the properties of the given object, else False.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

List of grouped elements.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> partition([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
[[3, 4], [1, 2]]

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.collections.pluck(collection, path)

Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list) – List of dicts.
• path (str|list) – Collection’s path to pluck

Returns:

Plucked list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> pluck([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}, {'a': 5, 'b': 6}], 'a')
[1, 3, 5]
>>> pluck([[[0, 1]], [[2, 3]], [[4, 5]]], '0.1')
[1, 3, 5]
>>> pluck([{'a': {'b': 1}}, {'a': {'b': 2}}], 'a.b')
[1, 2]
>>> pluck([{'a': {'b': [0, 1]}}, {'a': {'b': [2, 3]}}], 'a.b.1')
[1, 3]
>>> pluck([{'a': {'b': [0, 1]}}, {'a': {'b': [2, 3]}}], ['a', 'b', 1])
[1, 3]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Function removed.

Changed in version 4.0.1: Made property access deep.

pydash.collections.reduce_(collection, iteratee=None, accumulator=None)

Reduces a collection to a value which is the accumulated result of running each element in the collection through the iteratee, where each successive iteratee execution consumes the return value of the previous execution.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• accumulator (mixed, optional) – Initial value of aggregator. Default is to use the result of the first iteration.

Returns:

Accumulator object containing results of reduction.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> reduce_([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda total, x: total * x)
24

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed aliases foldl and inject.

pydash.collections.reduce_right(collection, iteratee=None, accumulator=None)

This method is like reduce_() except that it iterates over elements of a collection from right to left.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• accumulator (mixed, optional) – Initial value of aggregator. Default is to use the result of the first iteration.

Returns:

Accumulator object containing results of reduction.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> reduce_right([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda total, x: total ** x)
4096

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.2.1: Fix bug where collection was not reversed correctly.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias foldr.

pydash.collections.reductions(collection, iteratee=None, accumulator=None, from_right=False)

This function is like reduce_() except that it returns a list of every intermediate value in the reduction operation.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• accumulator (mixed, optional) – Initial value of aggregator. Default is to use the result of the first iteration.

Returns:

Results of each reduction operation.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> reductions([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda total, x: total * x)
[2, 6, 24]

Note

The last element of the returned list would be the result of using reduce_().

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.collections.reductions_right(collection, iteratee=None, accumulator=None)

This method is like reductions() except that it iterates over elements of a collection from right to left.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• accumulator (mixed, optional) – Initial value of aggregator. Default is to use the result of the first iteration.

Returns:

Results of each reduction operation.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> reductions_right([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda total, x: total ** x)
[64, 4096, 4096]

Note

The last element of the returned list would be the result of using reduce_().

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.collections.reject(collection, predicate=None)

The opposite of filter_() this method returns the elements of a collection that the predicate does not return truthy for.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicate (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Rejected elements of collection.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> reject([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
[1, 2]
>>> reject([{'a': 0}, {'a': 1}, {'a': 2}], 'a')
[{'a': 0}]
>>> reject([{'a': 0}, {'a': 1}, {'a': 2}], {'a': 1})
[{'a': 0}, {'a': 2}]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.sample(collection)

Retrieves a random element from a given collection.

Parameters:collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over. Returns:Random element from the given collection. Return type:mixed

Example

>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> results = sample(items)
>>> assert results in items

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved multiple samples functionality to sample_size(). This function now only returns a single random sample.

pydash.collections.sample_size(collection, n=None)

Retrieves list of n random elements from a collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• n (int, optional) – Number of random samples to return.

Returns:

List of n sampled collection values.

Return type:

list

Examples

>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> results = sample_size(items, 2)
>>> assert len(results) == 2
>>> assert set(items).intersection(results) == set(results)

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.collections.shuffle(collection)

Creates a list of shuffled values, using a version of the Fisher-Yates shuffle.

Parameters:collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over. Returns:Shuffled list of values. Return type:list

Example

>>> items = [1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> results = shuffle(items)
>>> assert len(results) == len(items)
>>> assert set(results) == set(items)

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.size(collection)

Gets the size of the collection by returning len(collection) for iterable objects.

Parameters:collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over. Returns:Collection length. Return type:int

Example

>>> size([1, 2, 3, 4])
4

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.collections.some(collection, predicate=None)

Checks if the predicate returns a truthy value for any element of a collection. The predicate is invoked with three arguments: (value, index|key, collection). If a property name is passed for predicate, the created map_() style predicate will return the property value of the given element. If an object is passed for predicate, the created where() style predicate will return True for elements that have the properties of the given object, else False.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• predicateed (mixed, optional) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Whether any of the elements are truthy.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> some([False, True, 0])
True
>>> some([False, 0, None])
False
>>> some([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x >= 3)
True
>>> some([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x == 0)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias any_.

pydash.collections.sort_by(collection, iteratee=None, reverse=False)

Creates a list of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of running each element in a collection through the iteratee.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• reverse (bool, optional) – Whether to reverse the sort. Defaults to False.

Returns:

Sorted list.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> sort_by({'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 1})
[1, 2, 3]
>>> sort_by({'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 1}, reverse=True)
[3, 2, 1]
>>> sort_by([{'a': 2}, {'a': 3}, {'a': 1}], 'a')
[{'a': 1}, {'a': 2}, {'a': 3}]

New in version 1.0.0.

Functions

Functions that wrap other functions.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.after(func, n)

Creates a function that executes func, with the arguments of the created function, only after being called n times.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to execute.
• n (int) – Number of times func must be called before it is executed.

Returns:

Function wrapped in an After context.

Return type:

After

Example

>>> func = lambda a, b, c: (a, b, c)
>>> after_func = after(func, 3)
>>> after_func(1, 2, 3)
>>> after_func(1, 2, 3)
>>> after_func(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 3)
>>> after_func(4, 5, 6)
(4, 5, 6)

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Reordered arguments to make func first.

pydash.functions.ary(func, n)

Creates a function that accepts up to n arguments ignoring any additional arguments. Only positional arguments are capped. All keyword arguments are allowed through.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to cap arguments for.
• n (int) – Number of arguments to accept.

Returns:

Function wrapped in an Ary context.

Return type:

Ary

Example

>>> func = lambda a, b, c=0, d=5: (a, b, c, d)
>>> ary_func = ary(func, 2)
>>> ary_func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(1, 2, 0, 5)
>>> ary_func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, c=10, d=20)
(1, 2, 10, 20)

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.functions.before(func, n)

Creates a function that executes func, with the arguments of the created function, until it has been called n times.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to execute.
• n (int) – Number of times func may be executed.

Returns:

Function wrapped in an Before context.

Return type:

Before

Example

>>> func = lambda a, b, c: (a, b, c)
>>> before_func = before(func, 3)
>>> before_func(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 3)
>>> before_func(1, 2, 3)
(1, 2, 3)
>>> before_func(1, 2, 3)
>>> before_func(1, 2, 3)

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Reordered arguments to make func first.

pydash.functions.conjoin(*funcs)

Creates a function that composes multiple predicate functions into a single predicate that tests whether all elements of an object pass each predicate.

Parameters:*funcs (function) – Function(s) to conjoin. Returns:Function(s) wrapped in a Conjoin context. Return type:Conjoin

Example

>>> conjoiner = conjoin(lambda x: isinstance(x, int), lambda x: x > 3)
>>> conjoiner([1, 2, 3])
False
>>> conjoiner([1.0, 2, 1])
False
>>> conjoiner([4.0, 5, 6])
False
>>> conjoiner([4, 5, 6])
True

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.functions.curry(func, arity=None)

Creates a function that accepts one or more arguments of func that when invoked either executes func returning its result (if all func arguments have been provided) or returns a function that accepts one or more of the remaining func arguments, and so on.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to curry.
• arity (int, optional) – Number of function arguments that can be accepted by curried function. Default is to use the number of arguments that are accepted by func.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a Curry context.

Return type:

Curry

Example

>>> func = lambda a, b, c: (a, b, c)
>>> currier = curry(func)
>>> currier = currier(1)
>>> assert isinstance(currier, Curry)
>>> currier = currier(2)
>>> assert isinstance(currier, Curry)
>>> currier = currier(3)
>>> currier
(1, 2, 3)

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.curry_right(func, arity=None)

This method is like curry() except that arguments are applied to func in the manner of partial_right() instead of partial().

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to curry.
• arity (int, optional) – Number of function arguments that can be accepted by curried function. Default is to use the number of arguments that are accepted by func.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a CurryRight context.

Return type:

CurryRight

Example

>>> func = lambda a, b, c: (a, b, c)
>>> currier = curry_right(func)
>>> currier = currier(1)
>>> assert isinstance(currier, CurryRight)
>>> currier = currier(2)
>>> assert isinstance(currier, CurryRight)
>>> currier = currier(3)
>>> currier
(3, 2, 1)

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.functions.debounce(func, wait, max_wait=False)

Creates a function that will delay the execution of func until after wait milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Subsequent calls to the debounced function will return the result of the last func call.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to execute.
• wait (int) – Milliseconds to wait before executing func.
• max_wait (optional) – Maximum time to wait before executing func.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a Debounce context.

Return type:

Debounce

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.delay(func, wait, *args, **kargs)

Executes the func function after wait milliseconds. Additional arguments will be provided to func when it is invoked.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to execute.
• wait (int) – Milliseconds to wait before executing func.
• *args (optional) – Arguments to pass to func.
• **kargs (optional) – Keyword arguments to pass to func.

Returns:

Return from func.

Return type:

mixed

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.disjoin(*funcs)

Creates a function that composes multiple predicate functions into a single predicate that tests whether any elements of an object pass each predicate.

Parameters:*funcs (function) – Function(s) to disjoin. Returns:Function(s) wrapped in a Disjoin context. Return type:Disjoin

Example

>>> disjoiner = disjoin(lambda x: isinstance(x, float),                                lambda x: isinstance(x, int))
>>> disjoiner([1, '2', '3'])
True
>>> disjoiner([1.0, '2', '3'])
True
>>> disjoiner(['1', '2', '3'])
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.functions.flip(func)

Creates a function that invokes the method with arguments reversed.

Parameters:func (function) – Function to flip arguments for. Returns:Function wrapped in a Flip context. Return type:function

Example

>>> flipped = flip(lambda *args: args)
>>> flipped(1, 2, 3, 4)
(4, 3, 2, 1)
>>> flipped = flip(lambda *args: [i * 2 for i in args])
>>> flipped(1, 2, 3, 4)
[8, 6, 4, 2]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.functions.flow(*funcs)

Creates a function that is the composition of the provided functions, where each successive invocation is supplied the return value of the previous. For example, composing the functions f(), g(), and h() produces h(g(f())).

Parameters:*funcs (function) – Function(s) to compose. Returns:Function(s) wrapped in a Flow context. Return type:Flow

Example

>>> mult_5 = lambda x: x * 5
>>> div_10 = lambda x: x / 10.0
>>> pow_2 = lambda x: x ** 2
>>> ops = flow(sum, mult_5, div_10, pow_2)
>>> ops([1, 2, 3, 4])
25.0

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 2.3.1: Added pipe() as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias pipe.

pydash.functions.flow_right(*funcs)

This function is like flow() except that it creates a function that invokes the provided functions from right to left. For example, composing the functions f(), g(), and h() produces f(g(h())).

Parameters:*funcs (function) – Function(s) to compose. Returns:Function(s) wrapped in a Flow context. Return type:Flow

Example

>>> mult_5 = lambda x: x * 5
>>> div_10 = lambda x: x / 10.0
>>> pow_2 = lambda x: x ** 2
>>> ops = flow_right(mult_5, div_10, pow_2, sum)
>>> ops([1, 2, 3, 4])
50.0

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Added flow_right() and made compose() an alias.

Changed in version 2.3.1: Added pipe_right() as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed aliases pipe_right and compose.

pydash.functions.iterated(func)

Creates a function that is composed with itself. Each call to the iterated function uses the previous function call’s result as input. Returned Iterated instance can be called with (initial, n) where initial is the initial value to seed func with and n is the number of times to call func.

Parameters:func (function) – Function to iterate. Returns:Function wrapped in a Iterated context. Return type:Iterated

Example

>>> doubler = iterated(lambda x: x * 2)
>>> doubler(4, 5)
128
>>> doubler(3, 9)
1536

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.functions.juxtapose(*funcs)

Creates a function whose return value is a list of the results of calling each funcs with the supplied arguments.

Parameters:*funcs (function) – Function(s) to juxtapose. Returns:Function wrapped in a Juxtapose context. Return type:Juxtapose

Example

>>> double = lambda x: x * 2
>>> triple = lambda x: x * 3
>>> quadruple = lambda x: x * 4
>>> juxtapose(double, triple, quadruple)(5)
[10, 15, 20]

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.functions.negate(func)

Creates a function that negates the result of the predicate func. The func function is executed with the arguments of the created function.

Parameters:func (function) – Function to negate execute. Returns:Function wrapped in a Negate context. Return type:Negate

Example

>>> not_is_number = negate(lambda x: isinstance(x, (int, float)))
>>> not_is_number(1)
False
>>> not_is_number('1')
True

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.functions.once(func)

Creates a function that is restricted to execute func once. Repeat calls to the function will return the value of the first call.

Parameters:func (function) – Function to execute. Returns:Function wrapped in a Once context. Return type:Once

Example

>>> oncer = once(lambda *args: args[0])
>>> oncer(5)
5
>>> oncer(6)
5

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.over_args(func, *transforms)

Creates a function that runs each argument through a corresponding transform function.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to wrap.
• *transforms (function) – Functions to transform arguments, specified as individual functions or lists of functions.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a OverArgs context.

Return type:

OverArgs

Example

>>> squared = lambda x: x ** 2
>>> double = lambda x: x * 2
>>> modder = over_args(lambda x, y: [x, y], squared, double)
>>> modder(5, 10)
[25, 20]

New in version 3.3.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from mod_args to over_args.

pydash.functions.partial(func, *args, **kargs)

Creates a function that, when called, invokes func with any additional partial arguments prepended to those provided to the new function.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to execute.
• *args (optional) – Partial arguments to prepend to function call.
• **kargs (optional) – Partial keyword arguments to bind to function call.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a Partial context.

Return type:

Partial

Example

>>> dropper = partial(lambda array, n: array[n:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> dropper(2)
[3, 4]
>>> dropper(1)
[2, 3, 4]
>>> myrest = partial(lambda array, n: array[n:], n=1)
>>> myrest([1, 2, 3, 4])
[2, 3, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.partial_right(func, *args, **kargs)

This method is like partial() except that partial arguments are appended to those provided to the new function.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to execute.
• *args (optional) – Partial arguments to append to function call.
• **kargs (optional) – Partial keyword arguments to bind to function call.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a Partial context.

Return type:

Partial

Example

>>> myrest = partial_right(lambda array, n: array[n:], 1)
>>> myrest([1, 2, 3, 4])
[2, 3, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.rearg(func, *indexes)

Creates a function that invokes func with arguments arranged according to the specified indexes where the argument value at the first index is provided as the first argument, the argument value at the second index is provided as the second argument, and so on.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to rearrange arguments for.
• *indexes (int) – The arranged argument indexes.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a Rearg context.

Return type:

Rearg

Example

>>> jumble = rearg(lambda *args: args, 1, 2, 3)
>>> jumble(1, 2, 3)
(2, 3, 1)
>>> jumble('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
('b', 'c', 'd', 'a', 'e')

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.functions.spread(func)

Creates a function that invokes func with the array of arguments provided to the created function.

Parameters:func (function) – Function to spread. Returns:Function wrapped in a Spread context. Return type:Spread

Example

>>> greet = spread(lambda people: 'Hello ' + ', '.join(people) + '!')
>>> greet(['Mike', 'Don', 'Leo'])
'Hello Mike, Don, Leo!'

New in version 3.1.0.

pydash.functions.throttle(func, wait)

Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the func function at most once per every wait milliseconds. Subsequent calls to the throttled function will return the result of the last func call.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to throttle.
• wait (int) – Milliseconds to wait before calling func again.

Returns:

Results of last func call.

Return type:

mixed

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.functions.unary(func)

Creates a function that accepts up to one argument, ignoring any additional arguments.

Parameters:func (function) – Function to cap arguments for. Returns:Function wrapped in an Ary context. Return type:Ary

Example

>>> func = lambda a, b=1, c=0, d=5: (a, b, c, d)
>>> unary_func = unary(func)
>>> unary_func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(1, 1, 0, 5)
>>> unary_func(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, b=0, c=10, d=20)
(1, 0, 10, 20)

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.functions.wrap(value, func)

Creates a function that provides value to the wrapper function as its first argument. Additional arguments provided to the function are appended to those provided to the wrapper function.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Value provided as first argument to function call.
• func (function) – Function to execute.

Returns:

Function wrapped in a Partial context.

Return type:

Partial

Example

>>> wrapper = wrap('hello', lambda *args: args)
>>> wrapper(1, 2)
('hello', 1, 2)

New in version 1.0.0.

Numerical

Numerical/mathemetical related functions.

New in version 2.1.0.

pydash.numerical.add(a, b)

Adds two numbers.

Parameters:

• a (number) – First number to add.
• b (number) – Second number to add.

Returns:

number

Example

>>> add(10, 5)
15

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 3.3.0: Support adding two numbers when passed as positional arguments.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Only support two argument addition.

pydash.numerical.ceil(x, precision=0)

Round number up to precision.

Parameters:

• x (number) – Number to round up.
• precision (int, optional) – Rounding precision. Defaults to 0.

Returns:

Number rounded up.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> ceil(3.275) == 4.0
True
>>> ceil(3.215, 1) == 3.3
True
>>> ceil(6.004, 2) == 6.01
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.numerical.clamp(x, lower, upper=None)

Clamps number within the inclusive lower and upper bounds.

Parameters:

• x (number) – Number to clamp.
• lower (number, optional) – Lower bound.
• upper (number) – Upper bound

Returns:

number

Example

>>> clamp(-10, -5, 5)
-5
>>> clamp(10, -5, 5)
5
>>> clamp(10, 5)
5
>>> clamp(-10, 5)
-10

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.divide(dividend, divisor)

Divide two numbers.

Parameters:

• dividend (int/float) – The first number in a division.
• divisor (int/float) – The second number in a division.

Returns:

Returns the quotient.

Return type:

int/float

Example

>>> divide(20, 5)
4.0
>>> divide(1.5, 3)
0.5
>>> divide(None, None)
1.0
>>> divide(5, None)
5.0

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.floor(x, precision=0)

Round number down to precision.

Parameters:

• x (number) – Number to round down.
• precision (int, optional) – Rounding precision. Defaults to 0.

Returns:

Number rounded down.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> floor(3.75) == 3.0
True
>>> floor(3.215, 1) == 3.2
True
>>> floor(0.046, 2) == 0.04
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.numerical.max_(collection, default=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Retrieves the maximum value of a collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• default (mixed, optional) – Value to return if collection is empty.

Returns:

Maximum value.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> max_([1, 2, 3, 4])
4
>>> max_([], default=-1)
-1

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved iteratee iteratee support to max_by().

pydash.numerical.max_by(collection, iteratee=None, default=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Retrieves the maximum value of a collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• default (mixed, optional) – Value to return if collection is empty.

Returns:

Maximum value.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> max_by([1.0, 1.5, 1.8], math.floor)
1.0
>>> max_by([{'a': 1}, {'a': 2}, {'a': 3}], 'a')
{'a': 3}
>>> max_by([], default=-1)
-1

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.mean(collection)

Calculate arithmetic mean of each element in collection.

Parameters:collection (list|dict) – Collection to process. Returns:Result of mean. Return type:float

Example

>>> mean([1, 2, 3, 4])
2.5

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0:

• Removed average and avg aliases.

• Moved iteratee functionality to mean_by().

pydash.numerical.mean_by(collection, iteratee=None)

Calculate arithmetic mean of each element in collection. If iteratee is passed, each element of collection is passed through a iteratee before the mean is computed.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to process.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Result of mean.

Return type:

float

Example

>>> mean_by([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x ** 2)
7.5

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.median(collection, iteratee=None)

Calculate median of each element in collection. If iteratee is passed, each element of collection is passed through a iteratee before the median is computed.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to process.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Result of median.

Return type:

float

Example

>>> median([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
3
>>> median([1, 2, 3, 4])
2.5

New in version 2.1.0.

pydash.numerical.min_(collection, default=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Retrieves the minimum value of a collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• default (mixed, optional) – Value to return if collection is empty.

Returns:

Minimum value.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> min_([1, 2, 3, 4])
1
>>> min_([], default=100)
100

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved iteratee iteratee support to min_by().

pydash.numerical.min_by(collection, iteratee=None, default=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Retrieves the minimum value of a collection.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to iterate over.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• default (mixed, optional) – Value to return if collection is empty.

Returns:

Minimum value.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> min_by([1.8, 1.5, 1.0], math.floor)
1.8
>>> min_by([{'a': 1}, {'a': 2}, {'a': 3}], 'a')
{'a': 1}
>>> min_by([], default=100)
100

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.moving_mean(array, size)

Calculate moving mean of each element of array.

Parameters:

• array (list) – List to process.
• size (int) – Window size.

Returns:

Result of moving average.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> moving_mean(range(10), 1)
[0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0]
>>> moving_mean(range(10), 5)
[2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0]
>>> moving_mean(range(10), 10)
[4.5]

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Rename to moving_mean and remove moving_average and moving_avg aliases.

pydash.numerical.multiply(multiplier, multiplicand)

Multiply two numbers.

Parameters:

• multiplier (int/float) – The first number in a multiplication.
• multiplicand (int/float) – The second number in a multiplication.

Returns:

Returns the product.

Return type:

int/float

Example

>>> multiply(4, 5)
20
>>> multiply(10, 4)
40
>>> multiply(None, 10)
10
>>> multiply(None, None)
1

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.power(x, n)

Calculate exponentiation of x raised to the n power.

Parameters:

• x (number) – Base number.
• n (number) – Exponent.

Returns:

Result of calculation.

Return type:

number

Example

>>> power(5, 2)
25
>>> power(12.5, 3)
1953.125

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias pow_.

pydash.numerical.round_(x, precision=0)

Round number to precision.

Parameters:

• x (number) – Number to round.
• precision (int, optional) – Rounding precision. Defaults to 0.

Returns:

Rounded number.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> round_(3.275) == 3.0
True
>>> round_(3.275, 1) == 3.3
True

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Remove alias curve.

pydash.numerical.scale(array, maximum=1)

Scale list of value to a maximum number.

Parameters:

• array (list) – Numbers to scale.
• maximum (number) – Maximum scale value.

Returns:

Scaled numbers.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> scale([1, 2, 3, 4])
[0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0]
>>> scale([1, 2, 3, 4], 1)
[0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0]
>>> scale([1, 2, 3, 4], 4)
[1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
>>> scale([1, 2, 3, 4], 2)
[0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0]

New in version 2.1.0.

pydash.numerical.slope(point1, point2)

Calculate the slope between two points.

Parameters:

• point1 (list|tuple) – X and Y coordinates of first point.
• point2 (list|tuple) – X and Y cooredinates of second point.

Returns:

Calculated slope.

Return type:

float

Example

>>> slope((1, 2), (4, 8))
2.0

New in version 2.1.0.

pydash.numerical.std_deviation(array)

Calculate standard deviation of list of numbers.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Calculated standard deviation. Return type:float

Example

>>> round(std_deviation([1, 18, 20, 4]), 2) == 8.35
True

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Remove alias sigma.

pydash.numerical.sum_(collection)

Sum each element in collection.

Parameters:collection (list|dict|number) – Collection to process or first number to add. Returns:Result of summation. Return type:number

Example

>>> sum_([1, 2, 3, 4])
10

New in version 2.1.0.

Changed in version 3.3.0: Support adding two numbers when passed as positional arguments.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Move iteratee support to sum_by(). Move two argument addition to add().

pydash.numerical.sum_by(collection, iteratee=None)

Sum each element in collection. If iteratee is passed, each element of collection is passed through a iteratee before the summation is computed.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict|number) – Collection to process or first number to add.
• iteratee (mixed|number, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration or second number to add.

Returns:

Result of summation.

Return type:

number

Example

>>> sum_by([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x ** 2)
30

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.subtract(minuend, subtrahend)

Subtracts two numbers.

Parameters:

• minuend (int/float) – Value passed in by the user.
• subtrahend (int/float) – Value passed in by the user.

Returns:

Result of the difference from the given values.

Return type:

int/float

Example

>>> subtract(10, 5)
5
>>> subtract(-10, 4)
-14
>>> subtract(2, 0.5)
1.5

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.numerical.transpose(array)

Transpose the elements of array.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Transposed list. Return type:list

Example

>>> transpose([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
[[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]]

New in version 2.1.0.

pydash.numerical.variance(array)

Calculate the variance of the elements in array.

Parameters:array (list) – List to process. Returns:Calculated variance. Return type:float

Example

>>> variance([1, 18, 20, 4])
69.6875

New in version 2.1.0.

pydash.numerical.zscore(collection, iteratee=None)

Calculate the standard score assuming normal distribution. If iteratee is passed, each element of collection is passed through a iteratee before the standard score is computed.

Parameters:

• collection (list|dict) – Collection to process.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Calculated standard score.

Return type:

float

Example

>>> results = zscore([1, 2, 3])

# [-1.224744871391589, 0.0, 1.224744871391589]

New in version 2.1.0.

Objects

Functions that operate on lists, dicts, and other objects.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.assign(obj, *sources)

Assigns properties of source object(s) to the destination object.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Destination object whose properties will be modified.
• sources (dict) – Source objects to assign to obj.

Returns:

Modified obj.

Return type:

dict

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> obj = {}
>>> obj2 = assign(obj, {'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'c': 3})
>>> obj == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
True
>>> obj is obj2
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.3.2: Apply clone_deep() to each source before assigning to obj.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Allow iteratees to accept partial arguments.

Changed in version 3.4.4: Shallow copy each source instead of deep copying.

Changed in version 4.0.0:

• Moved iteratee argument to assign_with().

• Removed alias extend.

pydash.objects.assign_with(obj, *sources, **kargs)

This method is like assign() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to produce the assigned values. If customizer returns None, assignment is handled by the method instead. The customizer is invoked with five arguments: (obj_value, src_value, key, obj, source).

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Destination object whose properties will be modified.
• sources (dict) – Source objects to assign to obj.

Keyword Arguments:  

customizer (mixed, optional) – Customizer applied per iteration.

Returns:

Modified obj.

Return type:

dict

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> customizer = lambda o, s: s if o is None else o
>>> results = assign({'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'a': 3}, customizer)
>>> results == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.callables(obj)

Creates a sorted list of keys of an object that are callable.

Parameters:obj (list|dict) – Object to inspect. Returns:All keys whose values are callable. Return type:list

Example

>>> callables({'a': 1, 'b': lambda: 2, 'c': lambda: 3})
['b', 'c']

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Renamed functions to callables.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias methods.

pydash.objects.clone(value)

Creates a clone of value.

Parameters:value (list|dict) – Object to clone.

Example

>>> x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': 3}}
>>> y = clone(x)
>>> y == y
True
>>> x is y
False
>>> x['c'] is y['c']
True

Returns:Cloned object. Return type:list|dict

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved ‘iteratee’ parameter to clone_with().

pydash.objects.clone_deep(value)

Creates a deep clone of value. If a iteratee is provided it will be executed to produce the cloned values.

Parameters:value (list|dict) – Object to clone. Returns:Cloned object. Return type:list|dict

Example

>>> x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': 3}}
>>> y = clone_deep(x)
>>> y == y
True
>>> x is y
False
>>> x['c'] is y['c']
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved ‘iteratee’ parameter to clone_deep_with().

pydash.objects.clone_deep_with(value, customizer=None)

This method is like clone_with() except that it recursively clones value.

Parameters:

• value (list|dict) – Object to clone.
• customizer (callable, optional) – Function to customize cloning.

Returns:

Cloned object.

Return type:

list|dict

pydash.objects.clone_with(value, customizer=None)

This method is like clone() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to produce the cloned value. If customizer returns None, cloning is handled by the method instead. The customizer is invoked with up to three arguments: (value, index|key, object).

Parameters:

• value (list|dict) – Object to clone.
• customizer (callable, optional) – Function to customize cloning.

Returns:

Cloned object.

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': 3}}
>>> cbk = lambda v, k: v + 2 if isinstance(v, int) and k else None
>>> y = clone_with(x, cbk)
>>> y == {'a': 3, 'b': 4, 'c': {'d': 3}}
True

pydash.objects.defaults(obj, *sources)

Assigns properties of source object(s) to the destination object for all destination properties that resolve to undefined.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Destination object whose properties will be modified.
• sources (dict) – Source objects to assign to obj.

Returns:

Modified obj.

Return type:

dict

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> obj = {'a': 1}
>>> obj2 = defaults(obj, {'b': 2}, {'c': 3}, {'a': 4})
>>> obj is obj2
True
>>> obj == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
True

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.defaults_deep(obj, *sources)

This method is like defaults() except that it recursively assigns default properties.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Destination object whose properties will be modified.
• sources (dict) – Source objects to assign to obj.

Returns:

Modified obj.

Return type:

dict

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> obj = {'a': {'b': 1}}
>>> obj2 = defaults_deep(obj, {'a': {'b': 2, 'c': 3}})
>>> obj is obj2
True
>>> obj == {'a': {'b': 1, 'c': 3}}
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.objects.find_key(obj, predicate=None)

This method is like pydash.arrays.find_index() except that it returns the key of the first element that passes the predicate check, instead of the element itself.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to search.
• predicate (mixed) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Found key or None.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> find_key({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, lambda x: x == 1)
'a'
>>> find_key([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda x: x == 1)
0

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.find_last_key(obj, predicate=None)

This method is like find_key() except that it iterates over elements of a collection in the opposite order.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to search.
• predicate (mixed) – Predicate applied per iteration.

Returns:

Found key or None.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> find_last_key({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, lambda x: x == 1)
'a'
>>> find_last_key([1, 2, 3, 1], lambda x: x == 1)
3

Changed in version 4.0.0: Made into its own function (instead of an alias of find_key) with proper reverse find implementation.

pydash.objects.for_in(obj, iteratee=None)

Iterates over own and inherited enumerable properties of obj, executing iteratee for each property.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to process.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

obj.

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> obj = {}
>>> def cb(v, k): obj[k] = v
>>> results = for_in({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, cb)
>>> results == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
True
>>> obj == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias for_own.

pydash.objects.for_in_right(obj, iteratee=None)

This function is like for_in() except it iterates over the properties in reverse order.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to process.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

obj.

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> data = {'product': 1}
>>> def cb(v): data['product'] *= v
>>> for_in_right([1, 2, 3, 4], cb)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> data['product'] == 24
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias for_own_right.

pydash.objects.get(obj, path, default=None)

Get the value at any depth of a nested object based on the path described by path. If path doesn’t exist, default is returned.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to process.
• path (str|list) – List or . delimited string of path describing path.

Keyword Arguments:  

default (mixed) – Default value to return if path doesn’t exist. Defaults to None.

Returns:

Value of obj at path.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> get({}, 'a.b.c') is None
True
>>> get({'a': {'b': {'c': [1, 2, 3, 4]}}}, 'a.b.c[1]')
2
>>> get({'a': {'b': {'c': [1, 2, 3, 4]}}}, 'a.b.c.1')
2
>>> get({'a': {'b': [0, {'c': [1, 2]}]}}, 'a.b.1.c.1')
2
>>> get({'a': {'b': [0, {'c': [1, 2]}]}}, ['a', 'b', 1, 'c', 1])
2
>>> get({'a': {'b': [0, {'c': [1, 2]}]}}, 'a.b.1.c.2') is None
True

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 2.2.0: Support escaping “.” delimiter in single string path key.

Changed in version 3.3.0:

• Added get() as main definition and get_path() as alias.

• Made deep_get() an alias.

Changed in version 3.4.7: Fixed bug where an iterable default was iterated over instead of being returned when an object path wasn’t found.

Changed in version 4.0.0:

• Support attribute access on obj if item access fails.

• Removed aliases get_path and deep_get.

pydash.objects.has(obj, path)

Checks if path exists as a key of obj.

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – Object to test.
• path (mixed) – Path to test for. Can be a list of nested keys or a . delimited string of path describing the path.

Returns:

Whether obj has path.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> has([1, 2, 3], 1)
True
>>> has({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 'b')
True
>>> has({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, 'c')
False
>>> has({'a': {'b': [0, {'c': [1, 2]}]}}, 'a.b.1.c.1')
True
>>> has({'a': {'b': [0, {'c': [1, 2]}]}}, 'a.b.1.c.2')
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Return False on ValueError when checking path.

Changed in version 3.3.0:

• Added deep_has() as alias.

• Added has_path() as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed aliases deep_has and has_path.

pydash.objects.invert(obj)

Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given object.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Dict to invert.
• multivalue (bool, optional) – Whether to return inverted values as lists. Defaults to False.

Returns:

Inverted dict.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> results = invert({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
>>> results == {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'}
True

Note

Assumes obj values are hashable as dict keys.

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Added multivalue argument.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved multivalue=True functionality to invert_by().

pydash.objects.invert_by(obj, iteratee=None)

This method is like invert() except that the inverted object is generated from the results of running each element of object thru iteratee. The corresponding inverted value of each inverted key is a list of keys responsible for generating the inverted value. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:obj (dict) – Object to invert. Returns:Inverted dict. Return type:dict

Example

>>> obj = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 1}
>>> results = invert_by(obj)  # {1: ['a', 'c'], 2: ['b']}
>>> set(results[1]) == set(['a', 'c'])
True
>>> set(results[2]) == set(['b'])
True
>>> results2 = invert_by(obj, lambda value: 'group' + str(value))
>>> results2['group1'] == results[1]
True
>>> results2['group2'] == results[2]
True

Note

Assumes obj values are hashable as dict keys.

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.invoke(obj, path, *args, **kargs)

Invokes the method at path of object.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – The object to query.
• path (list|str) – The path of the method to invoke.
• args (optional) – Arguments to pass to method call.
• kargs (optional) – Keyword arguments to pass to method call.

Returns:

Result of the invoked method.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> obj = {'a': [{'b': {'c': [1, 2, 3, 4]}}]}
>>> invoke(obj, 'a[0].b.c.pop', 1)
2
>>> obj
{'a': [{'b': {'c': [1, 3, 4]}}]}

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.keys(obj)

Creates a list composed of the keys of obj.

Parameters:obj (mixed) – Object to extract keys from. Returns:List of keys. Return type:list

Example

>>> keys([1, 2, 3])
[0, 1, 2]
>>> set(keys({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})) == set(['a', 'b', 'c'])
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Added keys_in as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias keys_in.

pydash.objects.map_keys(obj, iteratee=None)

The opposite of map_values(), this method creates an object with the same values as object and keys generated by running each own enumerable string keyed property of object thru iteratee. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, key, object).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to map.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Results of running obj through iteratee.

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> callback = lambda value, key: key * 2
>>> results = map_keys({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, callback)
>>> results == {'aa': 1, 'bb': 2, 'cc': 3}
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.objects.map_values(obj, iteratee=None)

Creates an object with the same keys as object and values generated by running each string keyed property of object thru iteratee. The iteratee is invoked with three arguments: (value, key, object).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to map.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.

Returns:

Results of running obj through iteratee.

Return type:

list|dict

Example

>>> results = map_values({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, lambda x: x * 2)
>>> results == {'a': 2, 'b': 4, 'c': 6}
True
>>> results = map_values({'a': 1, 'b': {'d': 4}, 'c': 3}, {'d': 4})
>>> results == {'a': False, 'b': True, 'c': False}
True

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.map_values_deep(obj, iteratee=None, property_path=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Map all non-object values in obj with return values from iteratee. The iteratee is invoked with two arguments: (obj_value, property_path) where property_path contains the list of path keys corresponding to the path of obj_value.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to map.
• iteratee (function) – Iteratee applied to each value.

Returns:

The modified object.

Return type:

mixed

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> x = {'a': 1, 'b': {'c': 2}}
>>> y = map_values_deep(x, lambda val: val * 2)
>>> y == {'a': 2, 'b': {'c': 4}}
True
>>> z = map_values_deep(x, lambda val, props: props)
>>> z == {'a': ['a'], 'b': {'c': ['b', 'c']}}
True

Changed in version 3.0.0: Allow iteratees to accept partial arguments.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from deep_map_values to map_values_deep.

pydash.objects.merge(obj, *sources)

Recursively merges properties of the source object(s) into the destination object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous sources.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Destination object to merge source(s) into.
• sources (dict) – Source objects to merge from. subsequent sources overwrite previous ones.

Returns:

Merged object.

Return type:

dict

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> obj = {'a': 2}
>>> obj2 = merge(obj, {'a': 1}, {'b': 2, 'c': 3}, {'d': 4})
>>> obj2 == {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
True
>>> obj is obj2
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.3.2: Apply clone_deep() to each source before assigning to obj.

Changed in version 2.3.2: Allow iteratee to be passed by reference if it is the last positional argument.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved iteratee argument to merge_with().

pydash.objects.merge_with(obj, *sources, **kargs)

This method is like merge() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to produce the merged values of the destination and source properties. If customizer returns None, merging is handled by this method instead. The customizer is invoked with five arguments: (obj_value, src_value, key, obj, source).

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Destination object to merge source(s) into.
• sources (dict) – Source objects to merge from. subsequent sources overwrite previous ones.

Keyword Arguments:  

iteratee (function, optional) – Iteratee function to handle merging (must be passed in as keyword argument).

Returns:

Merged object.

Return type:

dict

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> cbk = lambda obj_val, src_val: obj_val + src_val
>>> obj1 = {'a': [1], 'b': [2]}
>>> obj2 = {'a': [3], 'b': [4]}
>>> res = merge_with(obj1, obj2, cbk)
>>> obj1 == {'a': [1, 3], 'b': [2, 4]}
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.omit(obj, *properties)

The opposite of pick(). This method creates an object composed of the property paths of obj that are not omitted.

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – Object to process.
• *properties (str) – Property values to omit.

Returns:

Results of omitting properties.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> omit({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, 'b', 'c') == {'a': 1}
True
>>> omit({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, ['a', 'c']) == {'b': 2}
True
>>> omit([1, 2, 3, 4], 0, 3) == {1: 2, 2: 3}
True
>>> omit({'a': {'b': {'c': 'd'}}}, 'a.b.c') == {'a': {'b': {}}}
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved iteratee argument to omit_by().

Changed in version 4.2.0: Support deep paths.

pydash.objects.omit_by(obj, iteratee=None)

The opposite of pick_by(). This method creates an object composed of the string keyed properties of object that predicate doesn’t return truthy for. The predicate is invoked with two arguments: (value, key).

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – Object to process.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee used to determine which properties to omit.

Returns:

Results of omitting properties.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> omit_by({'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3}, lambda v: isinstance(v, int))
{'b': '2'}

New in version 4.0.0.

Changed in version 4.2.0: Support deep paths for iteratee.

pydash.objects.parse_int(value, radix=None)

Converts the given value into an integer of the specified radix. If radix is falsey, a radix of 10 is used unless the value is a hexadecimal, in which case a radix of 16 is used.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Value to parse.
• radix (int, optional) – Base to convert to.

Returns:

Integer if parsable else None.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> parse_int('5')
5
>>> parse_int('12', 8)
10
>>> parse_int('x') is None
True

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.pick(obj, *properties)

Creates an object composed of the picked object properties.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to pick from.
• properties (str) – Property values to pick.

Returns:

Dict containg picked properties.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> pick({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, 'a', 'b') == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Moved iteratee argument to pick_by().

pydash.objects.pick_by(obj, iteratee=None)

Creates an object composed of the object properties predicate returns truthy for. The predicate is invoked with two arguments: (value, key).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to pick from.
• iteratee (mixed, optional) – Iteratee used to determine which properties to pick.

Returns:

Dict containg picked properties.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> obj = {'a': 1, 'b': '2', 'c': 3 }
>>> pick_by(obj, lambda v: isinstance(v, int)) == {'a': 1, 'c': 3}
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.rename_keys(obj, key_map)

Rename the keys of obj using key_map and return new object.

Parameters:

• obj (dict) – Object to rename.
• key_map (dict) – Renaming map whose keys correspond to existing keys in obj and whose values are the new key name.

Returns:

Renamed obj.

Return type:

dict

Example

>>> obj = rename_keys({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}, {'a': 'A', 'b': 'B'})
>>> obj == {'A': 1, 'B': 2, 'c': 3}
True

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.objects.set_(obj, path, value)

Sets the value of an object described by path. If any part of the object path doesn’t exist, it will be created.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to modify.
• path (str | list) – Target path to set value to.
• value (mixed) – Value to set.

Returns:

Modified obj.

Return type:

mixed

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> set_({}, 'a.b.c', 1)
{'a': {'b': {'c': 1}}}
>>> set_({}, 'a.0.c', 1)
{'a': {'0': {'c': 1}}}
>>> set_([1, 2], '[2][0]', 1)
[1, 2, [1]]
>>> set_({}, 'a.b[0].c', 1)
{'a': {'b': [{'c': 1}]}}

New in version 2.2.0.

Changed in version 3.3.0: Added set_() as main definition and deep_set() as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0:

• Modify obj in place.

• Support creating default path values as list or dict based on whether key or index substrings are used.

• Remove alias deep_set.

pydash.objects.set_with(obj, path, value, customizer=None)

This method is like set_() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to produce the objects of path. If customizer returns undefined path creation is handled by the method instead. The customizer is invoked with three arguments: (nested_value, key, nested_object).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to modify.
• path (str | list) – Target path to set value to.
• value (mixed) – Value to set.
• customizer (function, optional) – The function to customize assigned values.

Returns:

Modified obj.

Return type:

mixed

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> set_with({}, '[0][1]', 'a', lambda: {})
{0: {1: 'a'}}

New in version 4.0.0.

Changed in version 4.3.1: Fixed bug where a callable value was called when being set.

pydash.objects.to_boolean(obj, true_values=('true', '1'), false_values=('false', '0'))

Convert obj to boolean. This is not like the builtin bool function. By default commonly considered strings values are converted to their boolean equivalent, i.e., '0' and 'false' are converted to False while '1' and 'true' are converted to True. If a string value is provided that isn’t recognized as having a common boolean conversion, then the returned value is None. Non-string values of obj are converted using bool. Optionally, true_values and false_values can be overridden but each value must be a string.

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – Object to convert.
• true_values (tuple, optional) – Values to consider True. Each value must be a string. Comparision is case-insensitive. Defaults to ('true', '1').
• false_values (tuple, optional) – Values to consider False. Each value must be a string. Comparision is case-insensitive. Defaults to ('false', '0').

Returns:

Boolean value of obj.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> to_boolean('true')
True
>>> to_boolean('1')
True
>>> to_boolean('false')
False
>>> to_boolean('0')
False
>>> assert to_boolean('a') is None

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.objects.to_dict(obj)

Convert obj to dict by creating a new dict using obj keys and values.

Parameters:obj – (mixed): Object to convert. Returns:Object converted to dict. Return type:dict

Example

>>> obj = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> obj2 = to_dict(obj)
>>> obj2 == obj
True
>>> obj2 is not obj
True

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias to_plain_object.

Changed in version 4.2.0: Use pydash.helpers.iterator to generate key/value pairs.

pydash.objects.to_integer(obj)

Converts obj to an integer.

Parameters:obj (str|int|float) – Object to convert. Returns:Converted integer or 0 if it can’t be converted. Return type:int

Example

>>> to_integer(3.2)
3
>>> to_integer('3.2')
3
>>> to_integer('3.9')
3
>>> to_integer('invalid')
0

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.to_list(obj, split_strings=True)

Converts a obj, an iterable or a single item to a list.

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – Object to convert item or wrap.
• split_strings (bool, optional) – Whether to split strings into single chars. Defaults to True.

Returns:

Converted obj or wrapped item.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> results = to_list({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
>>> assert set(results) == set([1, 2, 3])

>>> to_list((1, 2, 3, 4))
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> to_list(1)
[1]

>>> to_list([1])
[1]

>>> to_list(a for a in [1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]

>>> to_list('cat')
['c', 'a', 't']

>>> to_list('cat', split_strings=False)
['cat']

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.3.0:

• Wrap non-iterable items in a list.

• Convert other iterables to list.

• Byte objects are returned as single character strings in Python 3.

pydash.objects.to_number(obj, precision=0)

Convert obj to a number. All numbers are retuned as float. If precision is negative, round obj to the nearest positive integer place. If obj can’t be converted to a number, None is returned.

Parameters:

• obj (str|int|float) – Object to convert.
• precision (int, optional) – Precision to round number to. Defaults to 0.

Returns:

Converted number or None if can’t be converted.

Return type:

float

Example

>>> to_number('1234.5678')
1235.0
>>> to_number('1234.5678', 4)
1234.5678
>>> to_number(1, 2)
1.0

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.objects.to_pairs(obj)

Creates a two dimensional list of an object’s key-value pairs, i.e. [[key1, value1], [key2, value2]].

Parameters:obj (mixed) – Object to process. Returns:Two dimensional list of object’s key-value pairs. Return type:list

Example

>>> to_pairs([1, 2, 3, 4])
[[0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]]
>>> to_pairs({'a': 1})
[['a', 1]]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from pairs to to_pairs.

pydash.objects.to_string(obj)

Converts an object to string.

Parameters:obj (mixed) – Object to convert. Returns:String representation of obj. Return type:str

Example

>>> to_string(1) == '1'
True
>>> to_string(None) == ''
True
>>> to_string([1, 2, 3]) == '[1, 2, 3]'
True
>>> to_string('a') == 'a'
True

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Convert None to empty string.

pydash.objects.transform(obj, iteratee=None, accumulator=None)

An alernative to pydash.collections.reduce(), this method transforms obj to a new accumulator object which is the result of running each of its properties through a iteratee, with each iteratee execution potentially mutating the accumulator object. The iteratee is invoked with four arguments: (accumulator, value, key, object). Iteratees may exit iteration early by explicitly returning False.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to process.
• iteratee (mixed) – Iteratee applied per iteration.
• accumulator (mixed, optional) – Accumulated object. Defaults to list.

Returns:

Accumulated object.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> transform([1, 2, 3, 4], lambda acc, v, k: acc.append((k, v)))
[(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.objects.unset(obj, path)

Removes the property at path of obj.

Note

Only list, dict, or objects with a pop() method can be unset by this function.

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – The object to modify.
• path (mixed) – The path of the property to unset.

Returns:

Whether the property was deleted.

Return type:

bool

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> obj = {'a': [{'b': {'c': 7}}]}
>>> unset(obj, 'a[0].b.c')
True
>>> obj
{'a': [{'b': {}}]}
>>> unset(obj, 'a[0].b.c')
False

pydash.objects.update(obj, path, updater)

This method is like set_() except that accepts updater to produce the value to set. Use update_with() to customize path creation. The updater is invoked with one argument: (value).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to modify.
• path (str|list) – A string or list of keys that describe the object path to modify.
• updater (function) – Function that returns updated value.

Returns:

Updated obj.

Return type:

mixed

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> update({}, ['a', 'b'], lambda value: value)
{'a': {'b': None}}
>>> update([], [0, 0], lambda value: 1)
[[1]]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.update_with(obj, path, updater, customizer=None)

This method is like update() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to produce the objects of path. If customizer returns None, path creation is handled by the method instead. The customizer is invoked with three arguments: (nested_value, key, nested_object).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to modify.
• path (str|list) – A string or list of keys that describe the object path to modify.
• updater (function) – Function that returns updated value.
• customizer (function, optional) – The function to customize assigned values.

Returns:

Updated obj.

Return type:

mixed

Warning

obj is modified in place.

Example

>>> update_with({}, '[0][1]', lambda: 'a', lambda: {})
{0: {1: 'a'}}

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.objects.values(obj)

Creates a list composed of the values of obj.

Parameters:obj (mixed) – Object to extract values from. Returns:List of values. Return type:list

Example

>>> results = values({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
>>> set(results) == set([1, 2, 3])
True
>>> values([2, 4, 6, 8])
[2, 4, 6, 8]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Added values_in as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias values_in.

Predicates

Predicate functions that return boolean evaluations of objects.

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.eq(value, other)

Checks if value is equal to other.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Value to compare.
• other (mixed) – Other value to compare.

Returns:

Whether value is equal to other.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> eq(None, None)
True
>>> eq(None, '')
False
>>> eq('a', 'a')
True
>>> eq(1, str(1))
False

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.predicates.gt(value, other)

Checks if value is greater than other.

Parameters:

• value (number) – Value to compare.
• other (number) – Other value to compare.

Returns:

Whether value is greater than other.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> gt(5, 3)
True
>>> gt(3, 5)
False
>>> gt(5, 5)
False

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.predicates.gte(value, other)

Checks if value is greater than or equal to other.

Parameters:

• value (number) – Value to compare.
• other (number) – Other value to compare.

Returns:

Whether value is greater than or equal to other.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> gte(5, 3)
True
>>> gte(3, 5)
False
>>> gte(5, 5)
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.predicates.lt(value, other)

Checks if value is less than other.

Parameters:

• value (number) – Value to compare.
• other (number) – Other value to compare.

Returns:

Whether value is less than other.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> lt(5, 3)
False
>>> lt(3, 5)
True
>>> lt(5, 5)
False

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.predicates.lte(value, other)

Checks if value is less than or equal to other.

Parameters:

• value (number) – Value to compare.
• other (number) – Other value to compare.

Returns:

Whether value is less than or equal to other.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> lte(5, 3)
False
>>> lte(3, 5)
True
>>> lte(5, 5)
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.predicates.in_range(value, start=0, end=None)

Checks if value is between start and up to but not including end. If end is not specified it defaults to start with start becoming 0.

Parameters:

• value (int|float) – Number to check.
• start (int|float, optional) – Start of range inclusive. Defaults to 0.
• end (int|float, optional) – End of range exclusive. Defaults to start.

Returns:

Whether value is in range.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> in_range(2, 4)
True
>>> in_range(4, 2)
False
>>> in_range(2, 1, 3)
True
>>> in_range(3, 1, 2)
False
>>> in_range(2.5, 3.5)
True
>>> in_range(3.5, 2.5)
False

New in version 3.1.0.

pydash.predicates.is_associative(value)

Checks if value is an associative object meaning that it can be accessed via an index or key

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is associative. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_associative([])
True
>>> is_associative({})
True
>>> is_associative(1)
False
>>> is_associative(True)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_blank(text)

Checks if text contains only whitespace characters.

Parameters:text (str) – String to test. Returns:Whether text is blank. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_blank('')
True
>>> is_blank(' \r\n ')
True
>>> is_blank(False)
False

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_boolean(value)

Checks if value is a boolean value.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a boolean. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_boolean(True)
True
>>> is_boolean(False)
True
>>> is_boolean(0)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Added is_bool as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias is_bool.

pydash.predicates.is_builtin(value)

Checks if value is a Python builtin function or method.

Parameters:value (function) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a Python builtin function or method. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_builtin(1)
True
>>> is_builtin(list)
True
>>> is_builtin('foo')
False

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias is_native.

pydash.predicates.is_date(value)

Check if value is a date object.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a date object. Return type:bool

Example

>>> import datetime
>>> is_date(datetime.date.today())
True
>>> is_date(datetime.datetime.today())
True
>>> is_date('2014-01-01')
False

Note

This will also return True for datetime objects.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_decreasing(value)

Check if value is monotonically decreasing.

Parameters:value (list) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is monotonically decreasing. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_decreasing([5, 4, 4, 3])
True
>>> is_decreasing([5, 5, 5])
True
>>> is_decreasing([5, 4, 5])
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_dict(value)

Checks if value is a dict.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a dict. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_dict({})
True
>>> is_dict([])
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Added is_dict() as main definition and made is_plain_object` an alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias is_plain_object.

pydash.predicates.is_empty(value)

Checks if value is empty.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is empty. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_empty(0)
True
>>> is_empty(1)
True
>>> is_empty(True)
True
>>> is_empty('foo')
False
>>> is_empty(None)
True
>>> is_empty({})
True

Note

Returns True for booleans and numbers.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_equal(value, other)

Performs a comparison between two values to determine if they are equivalent to each other.

Parameters:

• value (list|dict) – Object to compare.
• other (list|dict) – Object to compare.

Returns:

Whether value and other are equal.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> is_equal([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3])
True
>>> is_equal('a', 'A')
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed iteratee from is_equal() and added it in is_equal_with().

pydash.predicates.is_equal_with(value, other, customizer)

This method is like is_equal() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to compare values. A customizer is provided which will be executed to compare values. If the customizer returns None, comparisons will be handled by the method instead. The customizer is invoked with two arguments: (value, other).

Parameters:

• value (list|dict) – Object to compare.
• other (list|dict) – Object to compare.
• customizer (mixed, optional) – Customizer used to compare values from value and other.

Returns:

Whether value and other are equal.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> is_equal_with([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], None)
True
>>> is_equal_with('a', 'A', None)
False
>>> is_equal_with('a', 'A', lambda a, b: a.lower() == b.lower())
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_error(value)

Checks if value is an Exception.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is an exception. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_error(Exception())
True
>>> is_error(Exception)
False
>>> is_error(None)
False

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.predicates.is_even(value)

Checks if value is even.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is even. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_even(2)
True
>>> is_even(3)
False
>>> is_even(False)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_float(value)

Checks if value is a float.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a float. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_float(1.0)
True
>>> is_float(1)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_function(value)

Checks if value is a function.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is callable. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_function(list)
True
>>> is_function(lambda: True)
True
>>> is_function(1)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_increasing(value)

Check if value is monotonically increasing.

Parameters:value (list) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is monotonically increasing. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_increasing([1, 3, 5])
True
>>> is_increasing([1, 1, 2, 3, 3])
True
>>> is_increasing([5, 5, 5])
True
>>> is_increasing([1, 2, 4, 3])
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_indexed(value)

Checks if value is integer indexed, i.e., list, str or tuple.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is integer indexed. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_indexed('')
True
>>> is_indexed([])
True
>>> is_indexed(())
True
>>> is_indexed({})
False

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Return True for tuples.

pydash.predicates.is_instance_of(value, types)

Checks if value is an instance of types.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Value to check.
• types (mixed) – Types to check against. Pass as tuple to check if value is one of multiple types.

Returns:

Whether value is an instance of types.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> is_instance_of({}, dict)
True
>>> is_instance_of({}, list)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_integer(value)

Checks if value is a integer.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is an integer. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_integer(1)
True
>>> is_integer(1.0)
False
>>> is_integer(True)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Added is_int as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias is_int.

pydash.predicates.is_iterable(value)

Checks if value is an iterable.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is an iterable. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_iterable([])
True
>>> is_iterable({})
True
>>> is_iterable(())
True
>>> is_iterable(5)
False
>>> is_iterable(True)
False

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.predicates.is_json(value)

Checks if value is a valid JSON string.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is JSON. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_json({})
False
>>> is_json('{}')
True
>>> is_json({"hello": 1, "world": 2})
False
>>> is_json('{"hello": 1, "world": 2}')
True

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_list(value)

Checks if value is a list.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a list. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_list([])
True
>>> is_list({})
False
>>> is_list(())
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_match(obj, source)

Performs a partial deep comparison between obj and source to determine if obj contains equivalent property values.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to compare.
• source (list|dict) – Object of property values to match.

Returns:

Whether obj is a match or not.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> is_match({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'b': 2})
True
>>> is_match({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'b': 3})
False
>>> is_match({'a': [{'b': [{'c': 3, 'd': 4}]}]},                     {'a': [{'b': [{'d': 4}]}]})
True

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 3.2.0: Don’t compare obj and source using type. Use isinstance exclusively.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Move iteratee argument to is_match_with().

pydash.predicates.is_match_with(obj, source, customizer=None, _key=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>, _obj=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>, _source=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

This method is like is_match() except that it accepts customizer which is invoked to compare values. If customizer returns None, comparisons are handled by the method instead. The customizer is invoked with five arguments: (obj_value, src_value, index|key, obj, source).

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to compare.
• source (list|dict) – Object of property values to match.
• customizer (mixed, optional) – Customizer used to compare values from obj and source.

Returns:

Whether obj is a match or not.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> is_greeting = lambda val: val in ('hello', 'hi')
>>> customizer = lambda ov, sv: is_greeting(ov) and is_greeting(sv)
>>> obj = {'greeting': 'hello'}
>>> src = {'greeting': 'hi'}
>>> is_match_with(obj, src, customizer)
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_monotone(value, op)

Checks if value is monotonic when operator used for comparison.

Parameters:

• value (list) – Value to check.
• op (function) – Operation to used for comparison.

Returns:

Whether value is monotone.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> is_monotone([1, 1, 2, 3], operator.le)
True
>>> is_monotone([1, 1, 2, 3], operator.lt)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_nan(value)

Checks if value is not a number.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is not a number. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_nan('a')
True
>>> is_nan(1)
False
>>> is_nan(1.0)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_negative(value)

Checks if value is negative.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is negative. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_negative(-1)
True
>>> is_negative(0)
False
>>> is_negative(1)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_none(value)

Checks if value is None.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is None. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_none(None)
True
>>> is_none(False)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_number(value)

Checks if value is a number.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a number. Return type:bool

Note

Returns True for int, long (PY2), float, and decimal.Decimal.

Example

>>> is_number(1)
True
>>> is_number(1.0)
True
>>> is_number('a')
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Added is_num as alias.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias is_num.

pydash.predicates.is_object(value)

Checks if value is a list or dict.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is list or dict. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_object([])
True
>>> is_object({})
True
>>> is_object(())
False
>>> is_object(1)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_odd(value)

Checks if value is odd.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is odd. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_odd(3)
True
>>> is_odd(2)
False
>>> is_odd('a')
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_positive(value)

Checks if value is positive.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is positive. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_positive(1)
True
>>> is_positive(0)
False
>>> is_positive(-1)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_reg_exp(value)

Checks if value is a RegExp object.

Parameters:value (mxied) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a RegExp object. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_reg_exp(re.compile(''))
True
>>> is_reg_exp('')
False

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias is_re.

pydash.predicates.is_set(value)

Checks if the given value is a set object or not.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value passed in by the user. Returns:True if the given value is a set else False. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_set(set([1, 2]))
True
>>> is_set([1, 2, 3])
False

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_strictly_decreasing(value)

Check if value is strictly decreasing.

Parameters:value (list) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is strictly decreasing. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_strictly_decreasing([4, 3, 2, 1])
True
>>> is_strictly_decreasing([4, 4, 2, 1])
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_strictly_increasing(value)

Check if value is strictly increasing.

Parameters:value (list) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is strictly increasing. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_strictly_increasing([1, 2, 3, 4])
True
>>> is_strictly_increasing([1, 1, 3, 4])
False

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_string(value)

Checks if value is a string.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a string. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_string('')
True
>>> is_string(1)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_tuple(value)

Checks if value is a tuple.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is a tuple. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_tuple(())
True
>>> is_tuple({})
False
>>> is_tuple([])
False

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.predicates.is_zero(value)

Checks if value is 0.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to check. Returns:Whether value is 0. Return type:bool

Example

>>> is_zero(0)
True
>>> is_zero(1)
False

New in version 2.0.0.

Strings

String functions.

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.camel_case(text)

Converts text to camel case.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to camel case. Return type:str

Example

>>> camel_case('FOO BAR_bAz')
'fooBarBAz'

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.capitalize(text, strict=True)

Capitalizes the first character of text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to capitalize.
• strict (bool, optional) – Whether to cast rest of string to lower case. Defaults to True.

Returns:

Capitalized string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> capitalize('once upon a TIME')
'Once upon a time'
>>> capitalize('once upon a TIME', False)
'Once upon a TIME'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Added strict option.

pydash.strings.chop(text, step)

Break up text into intervals of length step.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to chop.
• step (int) – Interval to chop text.

Returns:

List of chopped characters.

If text is None an empty list is returned.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> chop('abcdefg', 3)
['abc', 'def', 'g']

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.chop_right(text, step)

Like chop() except text is chopped from right.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to chop.
• step (int) – Interval to chop text.

Returns:

List of chopped characters.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> chop_right('abcdefg', 3)
['a', 'bcd', 'efg']

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.chars(text)

Split text into a list of single characters.

Parameters:text (str) – String to split up. Returns:List of individual characters. Return type:list

Example

>>> chars('onetwo')
['o', 'n', 'e', 't', 'w', 'o']

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.clean(text)

Trim and replace multiple spaces with a single space.

Parameters:text (str) – String to clean. Returns:Cleaned string. Return type:str

Example

>>> clean('a  b   c    d')
'a b c d'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.count_substr(text, subtext)

Count the occurrences of subtext in text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – Source string to count from.
• subtext (str) – String to count.

Returns:

Number of occurrences of subtext in text.

Return type:

int

Example

>>> count_substr('aabbccddaabbccdd', 'bc')
2

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.deburr(text)

Deburrs text by converting latin-1 supplementary letters to basic latin letters.

Parameters:text (str) – String to deburr. Returns:Deburred string. Return type:str

Example

>>> deburr('déjà vu')
'...
>>> 'deja vu'
'deja vu'

New in version 2.0.0.

pydash.strings.decapitalize(text)

Decaptitalizes the first character of text.

Parameters:text (str) – String to decapitalize. Returns:Decapitalized string. Return type:str

Example

>>> decapitalize('FOO BAR')
'fOO BAR'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.ends_with(text, target, position=None)

Checks if text ends with a given target string.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to check.
• target (str) – String to check for.
• position (int, optional) – Position to search from. Defaults to end of text.

Returns:

Whether text ends with target.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> ends_with('abc def', 'def')
True
>>> ends_with('abc def', 4)
False

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.ensure_ends_with(text, suffix)

Append a given suffix to a string, but only if the source string does not end with that suffix.

Parameters:

• text (str) – Source string to append suffix to.
• suffix (str) – String to append to the source string if the source string does not end with suffix.

Returns:

source string possibly extended by suffix.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> ensure_ends_with('foo bar', '!')
'foo bar!'
>>> ensure_ends_with('foo bar!', '!')
'foo bar!'

New in version 2.4.0.

pydash.strings.ensure_starts_with(text, prefix)

Prepend a given prefix to a string, but only if the source string does not start with that prefix.

Parameters:

• text (str) – Source string to prepend prefix to.
• suffix (str) – String to prepend to the source string if the source string does not start with prefix.

Returns:

source string possibly prefixed by prefix

Return type:

str

Example

>>> ensure_starts_with('foo bar', 'Oh my! ')
'Oh my! foo bar'
>>> ensure_starts_with('Oh my! foo bar', 'Oh my! ')
'Oh my! foo bar'

New in version 2.4.0.

pydash.strings.escape(text)

Converts the characters &, <, >, ", ', and \` in text to their corresponding HTML entities.

Parameters:text (str) – String to escape. Returns:HTML escaped string. Return type:str

Example

>>> escape('"1 > 2 && 3 < 4"')
'&quot;1 &gt; 2 &amp;&amp; 3 &lt; 4&quot;'

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Moved function to pydash.strings.

pydash.strings.escape_reg_exp(text)

Escapes the RegExp special characters in text.

Parameters:text (str) – String to escape. Returns:RegExp escaped string. Return type:str

Example

>>> escape_reg_exp('[()]')
'\\[\\(\\)\\]'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias escape_re

pydash.strings.has_substr(text, subtext)

Returns whether subtext is included in text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to search.
• subtext (str) – String to search for.

Returns:

Whether subtext is found in text.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> has_substr('abcdef', 'bc')
True
>>> has_substr('abcdef', 'bb')
False

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.human_case(text)

Converts text to human case which has only the first letter capitalized and each word separated by a space.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to human case. Return type:str

Example

>>> human_case('abc-def_hij lmn')
'Abc def hij lmn'
>>> human_case('user_id')
'User'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.insert_substr(text, index, subtext)

Insert subtext in text starting at position index.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to add substring to.
• index (int) – String index to insert into.
• subtext (str) – String to insert.

Returns:

Modified string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> insert_substr('abcdef', 3, '--')
'abc--def'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.join(array, separator='')

Joins an iterable into a string using separator between each element.

Parameters:

• array (iterable) – Iterable to implode.
• separator (str, optional) – Separator to using when joining. Defaults to ''.

Returns:

Joined string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> join(['a', 'b', 'c']) == 'abc'
True
>>> join([1, 2, 3, 4], '&') == '1&2&3&4'
True
>>> join('abcdef', '-') == 'a-b-c-d-e-f'
True

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias implode.

pydash.strings.kebab_case(text)

Converts text to kebab case (a.k.a. spinal case).

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to kebab case. Return type:str

Example

>>> kebab_case('a b c_d-e!f')
'a-b-c-d-e-f'

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.lines(text)

Split lines in text into an array.

Parameters:text (str) – String to split. Returns:String split by lines. Return type:list

Example

>>> lines('a\nb\r\nc')
['a', 'b', 'c']

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.lower_case(text)

Converts string to lower case as space separated words.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to lower case as space separated words. Return type:str

Example

>>> lower_case('fooBar')
'foo bar'
>>> lower_case('--foo-Bar--')
'foo bar'
>>> lower_case('/?*Foo10/;"B*Ar')
'foo 10 b ar'

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.strings.lower_first(text)

Converts the first character of string to lower case.

Parameters:text (str) – String passed in by the user. Returns:String in which the first character is converted to lower case. Return type:str

Example

>>> lower_first('FRED')
'fRED'
>>> lower_first('Foo Bar')
'foo Bar'
>>> lower_first('1foobar')
'1foobar'
>>> lower_first(';foobar')
';foobar'

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.strings.number_format(number, scale=0, decimal_separator='.', order_separator=', ')

Format a number to scale with custom decimal and order separators.

Parameters:

• number (int|float) – Number to format.
• scale (int, optional) – Number of decimals to include. Defaults to 0.
• decimal_separator (str, optional) – Decimal separator to use. Defaults to '.'.
• order_separator (str, optional) – Order separator to use. Defaults to ','.

Returns:

Formatted number as string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> number_format(1234.5678)
'1,235'
>>> number_format(1234.5678, 2, ',', '.')
'1.234,57'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.pad(text, length, chars=' ')

Pads text on the left and right sides if it is shorter than the given padding length. The chars string may be truncated if the number of padding characters can’t be evenly divided by the padding length.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to pad.
• length (int) – Amount to pad.
• chars (str, optional) – Characters to pad with. Defaults to " ".

Returns:

Padded string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> pad('abc', 5)
' abc '
>>> pad('abc', 6, 'x')
'xabcxx'
>>> pad('abc', 5, '...')
'.abc.'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Fix handling of multiple chars so that padded string isn’t over padded.

pydash.strings.pad_end(text, length, chars=' ')

Pads text on the right side if it is shorter than the given padding length. The chars string may be truncated if the number of padding characters can’t be evenly divided by the padding length.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to pad.
• length (int) – Amount to pad.
• chars (str, optional) – Characters to pad with. Defaults to " ".

Returns:

Padded string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> pad_end('abc', 5)
'abc  '
>>> pad_end('abc', 5, '.')
'abc..'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from pad_right to pad_end.

pydash.strings.pad_start(text, length, chars=' ')

Pads text on the left side if it is shorter than the given padding length. The chars string may be truncated if the number of padding characters can’t be evenly divided by the padding length.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to pad.
• length (int) – Amount to pad.
• chars (str, optional) – Characters to pad with. Defaults to " ".

Returns:

Padded string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> pad_start('abc', 5)
'  abc'
>>> pad_start('abc', 5, '.')
'..abc'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from pad_left to pad_start.

pydash.strings.pascal_case(text, strict=True)

Like camel_case() except the first letter is capitalized.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to convert.
• strict (bool, optional) – Whether to cast rest of string to lower case. Defaults to True.

Returns:

String converted to class case.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> pascal_case('FOO BAR_bAz')
'FooBarBaz'
>>> pascal_case('FOO BAR_bAz', False)
'FooBarBAz'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.predecessor(char)

Return the predecessor character of char.

Parameters:char (str) – Character to find the predecessor of. Returns:Predecessor character. Return type:str

Example

>>> predecessor('c')
'b'
>>> predecessor('C')
'B'
>>> predecessor('3')
'2'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.prune(text, length=0, omission='...')

Like truncate() except it ensures that the pruned string doesn’t exceed the original length, i.e., it avoids half-chopped words when truncating. If the pruned text + omission text is longer than the original text, then the original text is returned.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to prune.
• length (int, optional) – Target prune length. Defaults to 0.
• omission (str, optional) – Omission text to append to the end of the pruned string. Defaults to '...'.

Returns:

Pruned string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> prune('Fe fi fo fum', 5)
'Fe fi...'
>>> prune('Fe fi fo fum', 6)
'Fe fi...'
>>> prune('Fe fi fo fum', 7)
'Fe fi...'
>>> prune('Fe fi fo fum', 8, ',,,')
'Fe fi fo,,,'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.quote(text, quote_char='"')

Quote a string with another string.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to be quoted.
• quote_char (str, optional) – the quote character. Defaults to ".

Returns:

the quoted string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> quote('To be or not to be')
'"To be or not to be"'
>>> quote('To be or not to be', "'")
"'To be or not to be'"

New in version 2.4.0.

pydash.strings.reg_exp_js_match(text, reg_exp)

Return list of matches using Javascript style regular expression.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to evaluate.
• reg_exp (str) – Javascript style regular expression.

Returns:

List of matches.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> reg_exp_js_match('aaBBcc', '/bb/')
[]
>>> reg_exp_js_match('aaBBcc', '/bb/i')
['BB']
>>> reg_exp_js_match('aaBBccbb', '/bb/i')
['BB']
>>> reg_exp_js_match('aaBBccbb', '/bb/gi')
['BB', 'bb']

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Reordered arguments to make text first.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from js_match to reg_exp_js_match.

pydash.strings.reg_exp_js_replace(text, reg_exp, repl)

Replace text with repl using Javascript style regular expression to find matches.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to evaluate.
• reg_exp (str) – Javascript style regular expression.
• repl (str) – Replacement string.

Returns:

Modified string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> reg_exp_js_replace('aaBBcc', '/bb/', 'X')
'aaBBcc'
>>> reg_exp_js_replace('aaBBcc', '/bb/i', 'X')
'aaXcc'
>>> reg_exp_js_replace('aaBBccbb', '/bb/i', 'X')
'aaXccbb'
>>> reg_exp_js_replace('aaBBccbb', '/bb/gi', 'X')
'aaXccX'

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Reordered arguments to make text first.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from js_replace to reg_exp_js_replace.

pydash.strings.reg_exp_replace(text, pattern, repl, ignore_case=False, count=0)

Replace occurrences of regex pattern with repl in text. Optionally, ignore case when replacing. Optionally, set count to limit number of replacements.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to replace.
• pattern (str) – String pattern to find and replace.
• repl (str) – String to substitute pattern with.
• ignore_clase (bool, optional) – Whether to ignore case when replacing. Defaults to False.
• count (int, optional) – Maximum number of occurrences to replace. Defaults to 0 which replaces all.

Returns:

Replaced string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> reg_exp_replace('aabbcc', 'b', 'X')
'aaXXcc'
>>> reg_exp_replace('aabbcc', 'B', 'X', ignore_case=True)
'aaXXcc'
>>> reg_exp_replace('aabbcc', 'b', 'X', count=1)
'aaXbcc'
>>> reg_exp_replace('aabbcc', '[ab]', 'X')
'XXXXcc'

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from re_replace to reg_exp_replace.

pydash.strings.repeat(text, n=0)

Repeats the given string n times.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to repeat.
• n (int, optional) – Number of times to repeat the string.

Returns:

Repeated string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> repeat('.', 5)
'.....'

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.replace(text, pattern, repl, ignore_case=False, count=0, escape=True, from_start=False, from_end=False)

Replace occurrences of pattern with repl in text. Optionally, ignore case when replacing. Optionally, set count to limit number of replacements.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to replace.
• pattern (str) – String pattern to find and replace.
• repl (str) – String to substitute pattern with.
• ignore_clase (bool, optional) – Whether to ignore case when replacing. Defaults to False.
• count (int, optional) – Maximum number of occurrences to replace. Defaults to 0 which replaces all.
• escape (bool, optional) – Whether to escape pattern when searching. This is needed if a literal replacement is desired when pattern may contain special regular expression characters. Defaults to True.
• from_start (bool, optional) – Whether to limit replacement to start of string.
• from_end (bool, optional) – Whether to limit replacement to end of string.

Returns:

Replaced string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> replace('aabbcc', 'b', 'X')
'aaXXcc'
>>> replace('aabbcc', 'B', 'X', ignore_case=True)
'aaXXcc'
>>> replace('aabbcc', 'b', 'X', count=1)
'aaXbcc'
>>> replace('aabbcc', '[ab]', 'X')
'aabbcc'
>>> replace('aabbcc', '[ab]', 'X', escape=False)
'XXXXcc'

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 4.1.0: Added from_start and from_end arguments.

pydash.strings.replace_end(text, pattern, repl, ignore_case=False, escape=True)

Like replace() except it only replaces text with repl if pattern mathces the end of text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to replace.
• pattern (str) – String pattern to find and replace.
• repl (str) – String to substitute pattern with.
• ignore_clase (bool, optional) – Whether to ignore case when replacing. Defaults to False.
• escape (bool, optional) – Whether to escape pattern when searching. This is needed if a literal replacement is desired when pattern may contain special regular expression characters. Defaults to True.

Returns:

Replaced string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> replace_end('aabbcc', 'b', 'X')
'aabbcc'
>>> replace_end('aabbcc', 'c', 'X')
'aabbcX'

New in version 4.1.0.

pydash.strings.replace_start(text, pattern, repl, ignore_case=False, escape=True)

Like replace() except it only replaces text with repl if pattern mathces the start of text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to replace.
• pattern (str) – String pattern to find and replace.
• repl (str) – String to substitute pattern with.
• ignore_clase (bool, optional) – Whether to ignore case when replacing. Defaults to False.
• escape (bool, optional) – Whether to escape pattern when searching. This is needed if a literal replacement is desired when pattern may contain special regular expression characters. Defaults to True.

Returns:

Replaced string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> replace_start('aabbcc', 'b', 'X')
'aabbcc'
>>> replace_start('aabbcc', 'a', 'X')
'Xabbcc'

New in version 4.1.0.

pydash.strings.separator_case(text, separator)

Splits text on words and joins with separator.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to convert.
• separator (str) – Separator to join words with.

Returns:

Converted string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> separator_case('a!!b___c.d', '-')
'a-b-c-d'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.series_phrase(items, separator=', ', last_separator=' and ', serial=False)

Join items into a grammatical series phrase, e.g., "item1, item2, item3 and item4".

Parameters:

• items (list) – List of string items to join.
• separator (str, optional) – Item separator. Defaults to ', '.
• last_separator (str, optional) – Last item separator. Defaults to ' and '.
• serial (bool, optional) – Whether to include separator with last_separator when number of items is greater than 2. Defaults to False.

Returns:

Joined string.

Return type:

str

Example

Example:

>>> series_phrase(['apples', 'bananas', 'peaches'])
'apples, bananas and peaches'
>>> series_phrase(['apples', 'bananas', 'peaches'], serial=True)
'apples, bananas, and peaches'
>>> series_phrase(['apples', 'bananas', 'peaches'], '; ', ', or ')
'apples; bananas, or peaches'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.series_phrase_serial(items, separator=', ', last_separator=' and ')

Join items into a grammatical series phrase using a serial separator, e.g., "item1, item2, item3, and item4".

Parameters:

• items (list) – List of string items to join.
• separator (str, optional) – Item separator. Defaults to ', '.
• last_separator (str, optional) – Last item separator. Defaults to ' and '.

Returns:

Joined string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> series_phrase_serial(['apples', 'bananas', 'peaches'])
'apples, bananas, and peaches'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.slugify(text, separator='-')

Convert text into an ASCII slug which can be used safely in URLs. Incoming text is converted to unicode and noramlzied using the NFKD form. This results in some accented characters being converted to their ASCII “equivalent” (e.g. é is converted to e). Leading and trailing whitespace is trimmed and any remaining whitespace or other special characters without an ASCII equivalent are replaced with -.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to slugify.
• separator (str, optional) – Separator to use. Defaults to '-'.

Returns:

Slugified string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> slugify('This is a slug.') == 'this-is-a-slug'
True
>>> slugify('This is a slug.', '+') == 'this+is+a+slug'
True

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.snake_case(text)

Converts text to snake case.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to snake case. Return type:str

Example

>>> snake_case('This is Snake Case!')
'this_is_snake_case'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias underscore_case.

pydash.strings.split(text, separator=<pydash.helpers._NoValue object>)

Splits text on separator. If separator not provided, then text is split on whitespace. If separator is falsey, then text is split on every character.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to explode.
• separator (str, optional) – Separator string to split on. Defaults to NoValue.

Returns:

Split string.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> split('one potato, two potatoes, three potatoes, four!')
['one', 'potato,', 'two', 'potatoes,', 'three', 'potatoes,', 'four!']
>>> split('one potato, two potatoes, three potatoes, four!', ',')
['one potato', ' two potatoes', ' three potatoes', ' four!']

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Changed separator default to NoValue and supported splitting on whitespace by default.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias explode.

pydash.strings.start_case(text)

Convert text to start case.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to start case. Return type:str

Example

>>> start_case("fooBar")
'Foo Bar'

New in version 3.1.0.

pydash.strings.starts_with(text, target, position=0)

Checks if text starts with a given target string.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to check.
• target (str) – String to check for.
• position (int, optional) – Position to search from. Defaults to beginning of text.

Returns:

Whether text starts with target.

Return type:

bool

Example

>>> starts_with('abcdef', 'a')
True
>>> starts_with('abcdef', 'b')
False
>>> starts_with('abcdef', 'a', 1)
False

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.strip_tags(text)

Removes all HTML tags from text.

Parameters:text (str) – String to strip. Returns:String without HTML tags. Return type:str

Example

>>> strip_tags('<a href="#">Some link</a>')
'Some link'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.substr_left(text, subtext)

Searches text from left-to-right for subtext and returns a substring consisting of the characters in text that are to the left of subtext or all string if no match found.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to partition.
• subtext (str) – String to search for.

Returns:

Substring to left of subtext.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> substr_left('abcdefcdg', 'cd')
'ab'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.substr_left_end(text, subtext)

Searches text from right-to-left for subtext and returns a substring consisting of the characters in text that are to the left of subtext or all string if no match found.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to partition.
• subtext (str) – String to search for.

Returns:

Substring to left of subtext.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> substr_left_end('abcdefcdg', 'cd')
'abcdef'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.substr_right(text, subtext)

Searches text from right-to-left for subtext and returns a substring consisting of the characters in text that are to the right of subtext or all string if no match found.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to partition.
• subtext (str) – String to search for.

Returns:

Substring to right of subtext.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> substr_right('abcdefcdg', 'cd')
'efcdg'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.substr_right_end(text, subtext)

Searches text from left-to-right for subtext and returns a substring consisting of the characters in text that are to the right of subtext or all string if no match found.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to partition.
• subtext (str) – String to search for.

Returns:

Substring to right of subtext.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> substr_right_end('abcdefcdg', 'cd')
'g'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.successor(char)

Return the successor character of char.

Parameters:char (str) – Character to find the successor of. Returns:Successor character. Return type:str

Example

>>> successor('b')
'c'
>>> successor('B')
'C'
>>> successor('2')
'3'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.surround(text, wrapper)

Surround a string with another string.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to surround with wrapper.
• wrapper (str) – String by which text is to be surrounded.

Returns:

Surrounded string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> surround('abc', '"')
'"abc"'
>>> surround('abc', '!')
'!abc!'

New in version 2.4.0.

pydash.strings.swap_case(text)

Swap case of text characters.

Parameters:text (str) – String to swap case. Returns:String with swapped case. Return type:str

Example

>>> swap_case('aBcDeF')
'AbCdEf'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.title_case(text)

Convert text to title case.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to title case. Return type:str

Example

>>> title_case("bob's shop")
"Bob's Shop"

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.to_lower(text)

Converts the given text to lower text.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to lower case. Return type:str

Example

>>> to_lower('--Foo-Bar--')
'--foo-bar--'
>>> to_lower('fooBar')
'foobar'
>>> to_lower('__FOO_BAR__')
'__foo_bar__'

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.strings.to_upper(text)

Converts the given text to upper text.

Parameters:text (str) – String to convert. Returns:String converted to upper case. Return type:str

Example

>>> to_upper('--Foo-Bar--')
'--FOO-BAR--'
>>> to_upper('fooBar')
'FOOBAR'
>>> to_upper('__FOO_BAR__')
'__FOO_BAR__'

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.strings.trim(text, chars=None)

Removes leading and trailing whitespace or specified characters from text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to trim.
• chars (str, optional) – Specific characters to remove.

Returns:

Trimmed string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> trim('  abc efg\r\n ')
'abc efg'

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.strings.trim_end(text, chars=None)

Removes trailing whitespace or specified characters from text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to trim.
• chars (str, optional) – Specific characters to remove.

Returns:

Trimmed string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> trim_end('  abc efg\r\n ')
'  abc efg'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from trim_right to trim_end.

pydash.strings.trim_start(text, chars=None)

Removes leading whitespace or specified characters from text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to trim.
• chars (str, optional) – Specific characters to remove.

Returns:

Trimmed string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> trim_start('  abc efg\r\n ')
'abc efg\r\n '

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Renamed from trim_left to trim_start.

pydash.strings.truncate(text, length=30, omission='...', separator=None)

Truncates text if it is longer than the given maximum string length. The last characters of the truncated string are replaced with the omission string which defaults to ....

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to truncate.
• length (int, optional) – Maximum string length. Defaults to 30.
• omission (str, optional) – String to indicate text is omitted.
• separator (mixed, optional) – Separator pattern to truncate to.

Returns:

Truncated string.

Return type:

str

Example

>>> truncate('hello world', 5)
'he...'
>>> truncate('hello world', 5, '..')
'hel..'
>>> truncate('hello world', 10)
'hello w...'
>>> truncate('hello world', 10, separator=' ')
'hello...'

New in version 1.1.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias trunc.

pydash.strings.unescape(text)

The inverse of escape(). This method converts the HTML entities &, <, >, ", ', and ` in text to their corresponding characters.

Parameters:text (str) – String to unescape. Returns:HTML unescaped string. Return type:str

Example

>>> results = unescape('"1 > 2 && 3 < 4"')
>>> results == '"1 > 2 && 3 < 4"'
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Moved to pydash.strings.

pydash.strings.unquote(text, quote_char='"')

Unquote text by removing quote_char if text begins and ends with it.

Parameters:text (str) – String to unquote. Returns:Unquoted string. Return type:str

Example

>>> unquote('"abc"')
'abc'
>>> unquote('"abc"', '#')
'"abc"'
>>> unquote('#abc', '#')
'#abc'
>>> unquote('#abc#', '#')
'abc'

New in version 3.0.0.

pydash.strings.upper_case(text)

Converts string to upper case, as space separated words.

Parameters:text (str) – String to be converted to uppercase. Returns:String converted to uppercase, as space separated words. Return type:str

Example

>>> upper_case('--foo-bar--')
'FOO BAR'
>>> upper_case('fooBar')
'FOO BAR'
>>> upper_case('/?*Foo10/;"B*Ar')
'FOO 10 B AR'

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.strings.upper_first(text)

Converts the first character of string to upper case.

Parameters:text (str) – String passed in by the user. Returns:String in which the first character is converted to upper case. Return type:str

Example

>>> upper_first('fred')
'Fred'
>>> upper_first('foo bar')
'Foo bar'
>>> upper_first('1foobar')
'1foobar'
>>> upper_first(';foobar')
';foobar'

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.strings.url(*paths, **params)

Combines a series of URL paths into a single URL. Optionally, pass in keyword arguments to append query parameters.

Parameters:paths (str) – URL paths to combine. Keyword Arguments:  params (str, optional) – Query parameters. Returns:URL string. Return type:str

Example

>>> link = url('a', 'b', ['c', 'd'], '/', q='X', y='Z')
>>> path, params = link.split('?')
>>> path == 'a/b/c/d/'
True
>>> set(params.split('&')) == set(['q=X', 'y=Z'])
True

New in version 2.2.0.

pydash.strings.words(text, pattern=None)

Return list of words contained in text.

Parameters:

• text (str) – String to split.
• pattern (str, optional) – Custom pattern to split words on. Defaults to None.

Returns:

List of words.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> words('a b, c; d-e')
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
>>> words('fred, barney, & pebbles', '/[^, ]+/g')
['fred', 'barney', '&', 'pebbles']

New in version 2.0.0.

Changed in version 3.2.0: Added pattern argument.

Changed in version 3.2.0: Improved matching for one character words.

Utilities

Utility functions.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.utilities.attempt(func, *args, **kargs)

Attempts to execute func, returning either the result or the caught error object.

Parameters:func (function) – The function to attempt. Returns:Returns the func result or error object. Return type:mixed

Example

>>> results = attempt(lambda x: x/0, 1)
>>> assert isinstance(results, ZeroDivisionError)

New in version 1.1.0.

pydash.utilities.cond(pairs, *extra_pairs)

Creates a function that iterates over pairs and invokes the corresponding function of the first predicate to return truthy.

Parameters:pairs (list) – A list of predicate-function pairs. Returns:Returns the new composite function. Return type:function

Example

>>> func = cond([[matches({'a': 1}), constant('matches A')],                         [matches({'b': 2}), constant('matches B')],                         [stub_true, lambda value: value]])
>>> func({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
'matches A'
>>> func({'a': 0, 'b': 2})
'matches B'
>>> func({'a': 0, 'b': 0}) == {'a': 0, 'b': 0}
True

New in version 4.0.0.

Changed in version 4.2.0: Fixed missing argument passing to matched function and added support for passing in a single list of pairs instead of just pairs as separate arguments.

pydash.utilities.conforms(source)

Creates a function that invokes the predicate properties of source with the corresponding property values of a given object, returning True if all predicates return truthy, else False.

Parameters:source (dict|list) – The object of property predicates to conform to. Returns:Returns the new spec function. Return type:function

Example

>>> func = conforms({'b': lambda n: n > 1})
>>> func({'b': 2})
True
>>> func({'b': 0})
False
>>> func = conforms([lambda n: n > 1, lambda n: n == 0])
>>> func([2, 0])
True
>>> func([0, 0])
False

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.conforms_to(obj, source)

Checks if obj conforms to source by invoking the predicate properties of source with the corresponding property values of obj.

Parameters:

• obj (dict|list) – The object to inspect.
• source (dict|list) – The object of property predicates to conform to.

Example

>>> conforms_to({'b': 2}, {'b': lambda n: n > 1})
True
>>> conforms_to({'b': 0}, {'b': lambda n: n > 1})
False
>>> conforms_to([2, 0], [lambda n: n > 1, lambda n: n == 0])
True
>>> conforms_to([0, 0], [lambda n: n > 1, lambda n: n == 0])
False

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.constant(value)

Creates a function that returns value.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Constant value to return. Returns:Function that always returns value. Return type:function

Example

>>> pi = constant(3.14)
>>> pi() == 3.14
True

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Returned function ignores arguments instead of raising exception.

pydash.utilities.default_to(value, default_value)

Checks value to determine whether a default value should be returned in its place. The default_value is returned if value is None.

Parameters:

• value (mixed) – Value passed in by the user.
• default_value (mixed) – Default value passed in by the user.

Returns:

Returns value if value is given otherwise

returns default_value.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> default_to(1, 10)
1
>>> default_to(None, 10)
10

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.identity(*args)

Return the first argument provided to it.

Parameters:*args (mixed) – Arguments. Returns:First argument or None. Return type:mixed

Example

>>> identity(1)
1
>>> identity(1, 2, 3)
1
>>> identity() is None
True

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.utilities.iteratee(func)

Return a pydash style iteratee. If func is a property name the created iteratee will return the property value for a given element. If func is an object the created iteratee will return True for elements that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return False.

Parameters:func (mixed) – Object to create iteratee function from. Returns:Iteratee function. Return type:function

Example

>>> get_data = iteratee('data')
>>> get_data({'data': [1, 2, 3]})
[1, 2, 3]
>>> is_active = iteratee({'active': True})
>>> is_active({'active': True})
True
>>> is_active({'active': 0})
False
>>> iteratee(['a', 5])({'a': 5})
True
>>> iteratee(['a.b'])({'a.b': 5})
5
>>> iteratee('a.b')({'a': {'b': 5}})
5
>>> iteratee(('a', ['c', 'd', 'e']))({'a': 1, 'c': {'d': {'e': 3}}})
[1, 3]
>>> iteratee(lambda a, b: a + b)(1, 2)
3
>>> ident = iteratee(None)
>>> ident('a')
'a'
>>> ident(1, 2, 3)
1

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Renamed create_iteratee() to iteratee().

Changed in version 3.0.0: Made pluck style iteratee support deep property access.

Changed in version 3.1.0: - Added support for shallow pluck style property access via single item list/tuple. - Added support for matches property style iteratee via two item list/tuple.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias callback.

Changed in version 4.1.0: Return properties() callback when func is a tuple.

pydash.utilities.matches(source)

Creates a pydash.collections.where() style predicate function which performs a deep comparison between a given object and the source object, returning True if the given object has equivalent property values, else False.

Parameters:source (dict) – Source object used for comparision. Returns:

Function that compares an object to source and returns

whether the two objects contain the same items.

Return type:function

Example

>>> matches({'a': {'b': 2}})({'a': {'b': 2, 'c':3}})
True
>>> matches({'a': 1})({'b': 2, 'a': 1})
True
>>> matches({'a': 1})({'b': 2, 'a': 2})
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Use pydash.predicates.is_match() as matching function.

pydash.utilities.matches_property(key, value)

Creates a function that compares the property value of key on a given object to value.

Parameters:

• key (str) – Object key to match against.
• value (mixed) – Value to compare to.

Returns:

Function that compares value to an object’s key and

returns whether they are equal.

Return type:

function

Example

>>> matches_property('a', 1)({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
True
>>> matches_property(0, 1)([1, 2, 3])
True
>>> matches_property('a', 2)({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
False

New in version 3.1.0.

pydash.utilities.memoize(func, resolver=None)

Creates a function that memoizes the result of func. If resolver is provided it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result based on the arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, all arguments provided to the memoized function are used as the cache key. The result cache is exposed as the cache property on the memoized function.

Parameters:

• func (function) – Function to memoize.
• resolver (function, optional) – Function that returns the cache key to use.

Returns:

Memoized function.

Return type:

function

Example

>>> ident = memoize(identity)
>>> ident(1)
1
>>> ident.cache['(1,){}'] == 1
True
>>> ident(1, 2, 3)
1
>>> ident.cache['(1, 2, 3){}'] == 1
True

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.utilities.method(path, *args, **kargs)

Creates a function that invokes the method at path on a given object. Any additional arguments are provided to the invoked method.

Parameters:

• path (str) – Object path of method to invoke.
• *args (mixed) – Global arguments to apply to method when invoked.
• **kargs (mixed) – Global keyword argument to apply to method when invoked.

Returns:

Function that invokes method located at path for object.

Return type:

function

Example

>>> obj = {'a': {'b': [None, lambda x: x]}}
>>> echo = method('a.b.1')
>>> echo(obj, 1) == 1
True
>>> echo(obj, 'one') == 'one'
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.utilities.method_of(obj, *args, **kargs)

The opposite of method(). This method creates a function that invokes the method at a given path on object. Any additional arguments are provided to the invoked method.

Parameters:

• obj (mixed) – The object to query.
• *args (mixed) – Global arguments to apply to method when invoked.
• **kargs (mixed) – Global keyword argument to apply to method when invoked.

Returns:

Function that invokes method located at path for object.

Return type:

function

Example

>>> obj = {'a': {'b': [None, lambda x: x]}}
>>> dispatch = method_of(obj)
>>> dispatch('a.b.1', 1) == 1
True
>>> dispatch('a.b.1', 'one') == 'one'
True

New in version 3.3.0.

pydash.utilities.noop(*args, **kargs)

A no-operation function.

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.utilities.nth_arg(pos=0)

Creates a function that gets the argument at index n. If n is negative, the nth argument from the end is returned.

Parameters:pos (int) – The index of the argument to return. Returns:Returns the new pass-thru function. Return type:function

Example

>>> func = nth_arg(1)
>>> func(11, 22, 33, 44)
22
>>> func = nth_arg(-1)
>>> func(11, 22, 33, 44)
44

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.now()

Return the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since the Unix epoch (1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC).

Returns:Milliseconds since Unix epoch. Return type:int

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Use datetime module for calculating elapsed time.

pydash.utilities.over(funcs)

Creates a function that invokes all functions in funcs with the arguments it receives and returns their results.

Parameters:funcs (list) – List of functions to be invoked. Returns:Returns the new pass-thru function. Return type:function

Example

>>> func = over([max, min])
>>> func(1, 2, 3, 4)
[4, 1]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.over_every(funcs)

Creates a function that checks if all of the functions in funcs return truthy when invoked with the arguments it receives.

Parameters:funcs (list) – List of functions to be invoked. Returns:Returns the new pass-thru function. Return type:function

Example

>>> func = over_every([bool, lambda x: x is not None])
>>> func(1)
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.over_some(funcs)

Creates a function that checks if any of the functions in funcs return truthy when invoked with the arguments it receives.

Parameters:funcs (list) – List of functions to be invoked. Returns:Returns the new pass-thru function. Return type:function

Example

>>> func = over_some([bool, lambda x: x is None])
>>> func(1)
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.properties(*paths)

Like property_() except that it returns a list of values at each path in paths.

Parameters:*path (str|list) – Path values to fetch from object. Returns:Function that returns object’s path value. Return type:function

Example

>>> getter = properties('a', 'b', ['c', 'd', 'e'])
>>> getter({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': {'d': {'e': 3}}})
[1, 2, 3]

New in version 4.1.0.

pydash.utilities.property_(path)

Creates a function that returns the value at path of a given object.

Parameters:path (str|list) – Path value to fetch from object. Returns:Function that returns object’s path value. Return type:function

Example

>>> get_data = property_('data')
>>> get_data({'data': 1})
1
>>> get_data({}) is None
True
>>> get_first = property_(0)
>>> get_first([1, 2, 3])
1

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.1: Made property accessor work with deep path strings.

pydash.utilities.property_of(obj)

The inverse of property_(). This method creates a function that returns the key value of a given key on obj.

Parameters:obj (dict|list) – Object to fetch values from. Returns:Function that returns object’s key value. Return type:function

Example

>>> getter = property_of({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3})
>>> getter('a')
1
>>> getter('b')
2
>>> getter('x') is None
True

New in version 3.0.0.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Removed alias prop_of.

pydash.utilities.random(start=0, stop=1, floating=False)

Produces a random number between start and stop (inclusive). If only one argument is provided a number between 0 and the given number will be returned. If floating is truthy or either start or stop are floats a floating-point number will be returned instead of an integer.

Parameters:

• start (int) – Minimum value.
• stop (int) – Maximum value.
• floating (bool, optional) – Whether to force random value to float. Default is False.

Returns:

Random value.

Return type:

int|float

Example

>>> 0 <= random() <= 1
True
>>> 5 <= random(5, 10) <= 10
True
>>> isinstance(random(floating=True), float)
True

New in version 1.0.0.

pydash.utilities.range_(*args)

Creates a list of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from start up to but not including end. If start is less than stop, a zero-length range is created unless a negative step is specified.

Parameters:

• start (int, optional) – Integer to start with. Defaults to 0.
• stop (int) – Integer to stop at.
• step (int, optional) – The value to increment or decrement by. Defaults to 1.

Yields:

int – Next integer in range.

Example

>>> list(range_(5))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list(range_(1, 4))
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(range_(0, 6, 2))
[0, 2, 4]
>>> list(range_(4, 1))
[4, 3, 2]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 1.1.0: Moved to pydash.uilities.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Return generator instead of list.

Changed in version 4.0.0: Support decrementing when start argument is greater than stop argument.

pydash.utilities.range_right(*args)

Similar to range_(), except that it populates the values in descending order.

Parameters:

• start (int, optional) – Integer to start with. Defaults to 0.
• stop (int) – Integer to stop at.
• step (int, optional) – The value to increment or decrement by. Defaults to 1 if start < stop else -1.

Yields:

int – Next integer in range.

Example

>>> list(range_right(5))
[4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
>>> list(range_right(1, 4))
[3, 2, 1]
>>> list(range_right(0, 6, 2))
[4, 2, 0]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.result(obj, key, default=None)

Return the value of property key on obj. If key value is a function it will be invoked and its result returned, else the property value is returned. If obj is falsey then default is returned.

Parameters:

• obj (list|dict) – Object to retrieve result from.
• key (mixed) – Key or index to get result from.
• default (mixed, optional) – Default value to return if obj is falsey. Defaults to None.

Returns:

Result of obj[key] or None.

Return type:

mixed

Example

>>> result({'a': 1, 'b': lambda: 2}, 'a')
1
>>> result({'a': 1, 'b': lambda: 2}, 'b')
2
>>> result({'a': 1, 'b': lambda: 2}, 'c') is None
True
>>> result({'a': 1, 'b': lambda: 2}, 'c', default=False)
False

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 2.0.0: Added default argument.

pydash.utilities.retry(attempts=3, delay=0.5, max_delay=150.0, scale=2.0, jitter=0, exceptions=(<type 'exceptions.Exception'>, ), on_exception=None)

Decorator that retries a function multiple times if it raises an exception with an optional delay between each attempt.

When a delay is supplied, there will be a sleep period in between retry attempts. The first delay time will always be equal to delay. After subsequent retries, the delay time will be scaled by scale up to max_delay. If max_delay is 0, then delay can increase unbounded.

Parameters:

• attempts (int, optional) – Number of retry attempts. Defaults to 3.
• delay (int|float, optional) – Base amount of seconds to sleep between retry attempts. Defaults to 0.5.
• max_delay (int|float, optional) – Maximum number of seconds to sleep between retries. Is ignored when equal to 0. Defaults to 150.0 (2.5 minutes).
• scale (int|float, optional) – Scale factor to increase delay after first retry fails. Defaults to 2.0.
• jitter (int|float|tuple, optional) – Random jitter to add to delay time. Can be a positive number or 2-item tuple of numbers representing the random range to choose from. When a number is given, the random range will be from [0, jitter]. When jitter is a float or contains a float, then a random float will be chosen; otherwise, a random integer will be selected. Defaults to 0 which disables jitter.
• exceptions (tuple, optional) – Tuple of exceptions that trigger a retry attempt. Exceptions not in the tuple will be ignored. Defaults to (Exception,) (all exceptions).
• on_exception (function, optional) – Function that is called when a retryable exception is caught. It is invoked with on_exception(exc, attempt) where exc is the caught exception and attempt is the attempt count. All arguments are optional. Defaults to None.

Example

>>> @retry(attempts=3, delay=0)
... def do_something():
...     print('something')
...     raise Exception('something went wrong')
>>> try: do_something()
... except Exception: print('caught something')
something
something
something
caught something

..versionadded:: 4.4.0

..versionchanged:: 4.5.0

Added jitter argument.

pydash.utilities.stub_list()

Returns empty “list”.

Returns:Empty list. Return type:list

Example

>>> stub_list()
[]

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.stub_dict()

Returns empty “dict”.

Returns:Empty dict. Return type:dict

Example

>>> stub_dict()
{}

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.stub_false()

Returns False.

Returns:False Return type:bool

Example

>>> stub_false()
False

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.stub_string()

Returns an empty string.

Returns:Empty string Return type:str

Example

>>> stub_string()
''

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.stub_true()

Returns True.

Returns:True Return type:bool

Example

>>> stub_true()
True

New in version 4.0.0.

pydash.utilities.times(n, iteratee=None)

Executes the iteratee n times, returning a list of the results of each iteratee execution. The iteratee is invoked with one argument: (index).

Parameters:

• n (int) – Number of times to execute iteratee.
• iteratee (function) – Function to execute.

Returns:

A list of results from calling iteratee.

Return type:

list

Example

>>> times(5, lambda i: i)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

New in version 1.0.0.

Changed in version 3.0.0: Reordered arguments to make iteratee first.

Changed in version 4.0.0:

• Re-reordered arguments to make iteratee last argument.

• Added functionality for handling iteratee with zero positional arguments.

pydash.utilities.to_path(value)

Converts values to a property path array.

Parameters:value (mixed) – Value to convert. Returns:Returns the new property path array. Return type:list

Example

>>> to_path('a.b.c')
['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> to_path('a[0].b.c')
['a', 0, 'b', 'c']
>>> to_path('a[0][1][2].b.c')
['a', 0, 1, 2, 'b', 'c']

New in version 4.0.0.

Changed in version 4.2.1: Ensure returned path is always a list.

pydash.utilities.unique_id(prefix=None)

Generates a unique ID. If prefix is provided the ID will be appended to it.

Parameters:prefix (str, optional) – String prefix to prepend to ID value. Returns:ID value. Return type:str

Example

>>> unique_id()
'1'
>>> unique_id('id_')
'id_2'
>>> unique_id()
'3'

New in version 1.0.0.

Project Info

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2014 Derrick Gilland

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Versioning

This project follows Semantic Versioning with the following caveats:

• Only the public API (i.e. the objects imported into the pydash module) will maintain backwards compatibility between MINOR version bumps.
• Objects within any other parts of the library are not guaranteed to not break between MINOR version bumps.

With that in mind, it is recommended to only use or import objects from the main module, pydash.

Changelog

v4.6.1 (2018-07-16)

Misc

• Support Python 3.7.

v4.6.0 (2018-07-10)

Misc

• Improve performance of the following functions for large datasets:
  • duplicates
  • sorted_uniq
  • sorted_uniq_by
  • union
  • union_by
  • union_with
  • uniq
  • uniq_by
  • uniq_with
  • xor
  • xor_by
  • xor_with

v4.5.0 (2018-03-20)

New Features

• Add jitter argument to retry.

v4.4.1 (2018-03-14)

New Features

• Add attempt argument to on_exception callback in retry. New function signature is on_exception(exc, attempt) (previously was on_exception(exc)). All arguments to on_exception callback are now optional.

v4.4.0 (2018-03-13)

New Features

• Add retry decorator that will retry a function multiple times if the function raises an exception.

v4.3.3 (2018-03-02)

Bug Fixes

• Fix regression in v4.3.2 introduced by the support added for callable class callbacks that changed the handling of callbacks that could not be inspected. Prior to v4.3.2, these callbacks would default to being passed a single callback argument, but with v4.3.2 these callbacks would be passed the full set of callback arguments which could result an exception being raised due to the callback not supporting that many arguments.

v4.3.2 (2018-02-06)

Bug Fixes

• Fix issue in defaults_deep where sources with non-dict values would raise an exception due to assumption that object was always a dict.
• Fix issue in curry where too many arguments would be passed to the curried function when evaluating function if too many arguments used in last function call.
• Workaround issue in Python 2.7 where callable classes used as callbacks were always passed the full count of arguments even when the callable class only accept a subset of arguments.

v4.3.1 (2017-12-19)

Bug Fixes

• Fix set_with so that callable values are not called when being set. This bug also impacted the following functions by proxy:
  • pick
  • pick_by
  • set_
  • transpose
  • zip_object_deep

v4.3.0 (2017-11-22)

New Features

• Add nest.
• Wrap non-iterables in a list in to_list instead of raising an exception. Thanks efenka!
• Add split_strings argument to to_list to control whether strings are coverted to a list (split_strings=True) or wrapped in a list (split_strings=False). Default is split_strings=True. Thanks efenka!

v4.2.1 (2017-09-08)

Bug Fixes

• Ensure that to_path always returns a list.
• Fix get to work with path values other than just strings, integers, and lists.

v4.2.0 (2017-09-08)

New Features

• Support more iterator “hooks” in to_dict so non-iterators that expose an items(), iteritems(), or has __dict__ attributes will be converted using those methods.
• Support deep paths in omit and omit_by. Thanks beck3905!
• Support deep paths in pick and pick_by. Thanks beck3905!

Bug Fixes

• Fix missing argument passing to matched function in cond.
• Support passing a single list of pairs in cond instead of just pairs as separate arguments.

v4.1.0 (2017-06-09)

New Features

• Officially support Python 3.6.
• Add properties function that returns list of path values for an object.
• Add replace_end.
• Add replace_start.
• Make iteratee support properties-style callback when a tuple is passed.
• Make replace accept from_start and from_end arguments to limit replacement to start and/or end of string.

Bug Fixes

• None

v4.0.4 (2017-05-31)

New Features

• None

Bug Fixes

• Improve performance of get. Thanks shaunpatterson!

v4.0.3 (2017-04-20)

New Features

• None

Bug Fixes

• Fix regression in get where list and dict objects had attributes returned when a key was missing but the key corresponded to an attribute name. For example, pydash.get({}, 'update') would return {}.update() instead of None. Previous behavior was that only item-access was allowed for list and dict which has been restored.
• Fix regression in invoke/invoke_map where non-attributes could be invoked. For example, pydash.invoke({'items': lambda: 1}, 'items') would return 1 instead of dict_items([('a', 'items')]). Previous behavior was that only attribute methods could be invoked which has now been restored.

v4.0.2 (2017-04-04)

New Features

• None

Bug Fixes

• Fix regression in intersection, intersection_by, and intersection_with introduced in v4.0.0 where the a single argument supplied to intersection should return the same argument value instead of an empty list.

Backwards-Incompatibilities

• None

v4.0.1 (2017-04-04)

New Features

• Make property_ work with deep path strings.

Bug Fixes

• Revert removal of deep_pluck and rename to pluck. Previously, deep_pluck was removed and map_ was recommended as a replacement. However, deep_pluck (now defined as pluck) functionality is not supported by map_ so the removal pluck was reverted.

Backwards-Incompatibilities

• Remove property_deep (use property_).

v4.0.0 (2017-04-03)

New Features

• Add assign_with.
• Add clamp.
• Add clone_deep_with.
• Add clone_with.
• Add cond. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add conforms.
• Add conforms_to.
• Add default_to. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add difference_by.
• Add difference_with.
• Add divide. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add eq. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add flat_map.
• Add flat_map_deep.
• Add flat_map_depth.
• Add flatten_depth.
• Add flip. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add from_pairs. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add intersection_by.
• Add intersection_with.
• Add invert_by.
• Add invoke_map.
• Add is_equal_with. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add is_match_with.
• Add is_set. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add lower_case. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add lower_first. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add max_by.
• Add mean_by.
• Add merge_with.
• Add min_by.
• Add multiply. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add nth. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add nth_arg. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add omit_by.
• Add over. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add over_every. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add over_some. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add pick_by.
• Add pull_all. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add pull_all_by.
• Add pull_all_with.
• Add range_right. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add sample_size. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add set_with.
• Add sorted_index_by.
• Add sorted_index_of. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add sorted_last_index_by.
• Add sorted_last_index_of.
• Add sorted_uniq. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add sorted_uniq_by.
• Add stub_list. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add stub_dict. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add stub_false. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add stub_string. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add stub_true. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add subtract. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add sum_by.
• Add to_integer.
• Add to_lower. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add to_path. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add to_upper. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add unary.
• Add union_by. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add union_with. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add uniq_by.
• Add uniq_with.
• Add unset.
• Add update.
• Add update_with.
• Add upper_case. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add upper_first. Thanks bharadwajyarlagadda!
• Add xor_by.
• Add xor_with.
• Add zip_object_deep.
• Make function returned by constant ignore extra arguments when called.
• Make get support attribute access within path.
• Make iteratee treat an integer argument as a string path (i.e. iteratee(1) is equivalent to iteratee('1') for creating a path accessor function).
• Make intersection work with unhashable types.
• Make range_ support decrementing when start argument is greater than stop argument.
• Make xor maintain sort order of supplied arguments.

Bug Fixes

• Fix find_last_key so that it iterates over object in reverse.

Backwards-Incompatibilities

• Make add only support two argument addition. (breaking change)
• Make difference return duplicate values from first argument and maintain sort order. (breaking change)
• Make invoke work on objects instead of collections. Use invoke_map for collections. (breaking change)
• Make set_ support mixed list/dict defaults within a single object based on whether key or index path substrings used. (breaking change)
• Make set_ modify object in place. (breaking change)
• Only use merge callback result if result is not None. Previously, result from callback (if provided) was used unconditionally. (breaking change)
• Remove functions: (breaking change)
  • deep_pluck (no alternative) [UPDATE: deep_pluck functionality restored as pluck in v4.0.1]
  • mapiter (no alternative)
  • pluck (use map_)
  • update_path (use update or update_with)
  • set_path (use set_ or set_with)
• Remove aliases: (breaking change)
  • all_ (use every)
  • any_ (use some)
  • append (use push)
  • average and avg (use mean or mean_by)
  • callback (use iteratee)
  • cat (use concat)
  • collect (use map_)
  • contains (use includes)
  • curve (use round_)
  • deep_get and get_path (use get)
  • deep_has and has_path (use has)
  • deep_prop (use property_deep)
  • deep_set (use set_)
  • detect and find_where (use find)
  • each (use for_each)
  • each_right (use for_each_right)
  • escape_re (use escape_reg_exp)
  • explode (use split)
  • extend (use assign)
  • first (use head)
  • foldl (use reduce)
  • foldr (use reduce_right)
  • for_own (use for_each)
  • for_own_right (use for_each_right)
  • implode (use join)
  • is_bool (use is_boolean)
  • is_int (use is_integer)
  • is_native (use is_builtin)
  • is_num (use is_number)
  • is_plain_object (use is_dict)
  • is_re (use is_reg_exp)
  • js_match (use reg_exp_js_match)
  • js_replace (use reg_exp_js_replace)
  • keys_in (use keys)
  • moving_average and moving_avg (use moving_mean)
  • object_ (use zip_object)
  • pad_left (use pad_start)
  • pad_right (use pad_end)
  • pipe (use flow)
  • pipe_right and compose (use flow_right)
  • prop (use property_)
  • prop_of (use property_of)
  • pow_ (use power)
  • re_replace (use reg_exp_replace)
  • rest (use tail)
  • select (use filter_)
  • sigma (use std_deviation)
  • sort_by_all and sort_by_order (use order_by)
  • trim_left (use trim_start)
  • trim_right (use trim_right)
  • trunc (use truncate)
  • underscore_case (use snake_case)
  • unique (use uniq)
  • values_in (use values)
  • where (use filter_)
• Rename functions: (breaking change)
  • deep_map_values to map_values_deep
  • deep_property to property_deep
  • include to includes
  • index_by to key_by
  • mod_args to over_args
  • moving_average to moving_mean
  • pairs to to_pairs
• Remove callback argument from: (breaking change)
  • assign. Moved to assign_with.
  • clone and clone_deep. Moved to clone_with and clone_deep_with.
  • is_match. Moved to is_match_with.
  • max_ and min_. Moved to max_by and min_by.
  • omit. Moved to omit_by.
  • pick. Moved to pick_by.
  • sorted_index. Moved to sorted_index_by.
  • sum_. Moved to sum_by.
  • uniq/unique. Moved to uniq_by.
• Renamed callback argument to predicate: (breaking change)
  • drop_right_while
  • drop_while
  • every
  • filter_
  • find
  • find_key
  • find_last
  • find_index
  • find_last_index
  • find_last_key
  • partition
  • reject
  • remove
  • some
  • take_right_while
  • take_while
• Renamed callback argument to iteratee: (breaking change)
  • count_by
  • duplicates
  • for_each
  • for_each_right
  • for_in
  • for_in_right
  • group_by
  • key_by
  • map_
  • map_keys
  • map_values
  • map_values_deep
  • mapcat
  • median
  • reduce_
  • reduce_right
  • reductions
  • reductions_right
  • sort_by
  • times
  • transform
  • unzip_with
  • zip_with
  • zscore
• Rename comparison argument in sort to comparator.
• Rename index and how_many arguments in splice to start and count.
• Remove multivalue argument from invert. Feature moved to invert_by. (breaking change)

v3.4.8 (2017-01-05)

• Make internal function inspection methods work with Python 3 annotations. Thanks tgriesser!

v3.4.7 (2016-11-01)

• Fix bug in get where an iterable default was iterated over instead of being returned when an object path wasn’t found. Thanks urbnjamesmi1!

v3.4.6 (2016-10-31)

• Fix bug in get where casting a string key to integer resulted in an uncaught exception instead of the default value being returned instead. Thanks urbnjamesmi1!

v3.4.5 (2016-10-16)

• Add optional default parameter to min_ and max_ functions that is used when provided iterable is empty.
• Fix bug in is_match where comparison between an empty source argument returned None instead of True.

v3.4.4 (2016-09-06)

• Shallow copy each source in assign/extend instead of deep copying.
• Call copy.deepcopy in merge instead of the more resource intensive clone_deep.

v3.4.3 (2016-04-07)

• Fix minor issue in deep path string parsing so that list indexing in paths can be specified as foo[0][1].bar instead of foo.[0].[1].bar. Both formats are now supported.

v3.4.2 (2016-03-24)

• Fix bug in start_case where capitalized characters after the first character of a word where mistakenly cast to lower case.

v3.4.1 (2015-11-03)

• Fix Python 3.5, inspect, and pytest compatibility issue with py_ chaining object when doctest run on pydash.__init__.py.

v3.4.0 (2015-09-22)

• Optimize callback system for performance.
  • Explicitly store arg count on callback for pydash generated callbacks where the arg count is known. This avoids the costly inspect.getargspec call.
  • Eliminate usage of costly guess_builtin_argcount which parsed docstrings, and instead only ever pass a single argument to a builtin callback function.
• Optimize get/set so that regex parsing is only done when special characters are contained in the path key whereas before, all string paths were parsed.
• Optimize is_builtin by checking for BuiltinFunctionType instance and then using dict look up table instead of a list look up.
• Optimize is_match by replacing call to has with a try/except block.
• Optimize push/append by using a native loop instead of callback mapping.

v3.3.0 (2015-07-23)

• Add ceil.
• Add defaults_deep.
• Add floor.
• Add get.
• Add gt.
• Add gte.
• Add is_iterable.
• Add lt.
• Add lte.
• Add map_keys.
• Add method.
• Add method_of.
• Add mod_args.
• Add set_.
• Add unzip_with.
• Add zip_with.
• Make add support adding two numbers if passed in positionally.
• Make get main definition and get_path its alias.
• Make set_ main definition and deep_set its alias.

v3.2.2 (2015-04-29)

• Catch AttributeError in helpers.get_item and return default value if set.

v3.2.1 (2015-04-29)

• Fix bug in reduce_right where collection was not reversed correctly.

v3.2.0 (2015-03-03)

• Add sort_by_order as alias of sort_by_all.
• Fix is_match to not compare obj and source types using type and instead use isinstance comparisons exclusively.
• Make sort_by_all accept an orders argument for specifying the sort order of each key via boolean True (for ascending) and False (for descending).
• Make words accept a pattern argument to override the default regex used for splitting words.
• Make words handle single character words better.

v3.1.0 (2015-02-28)

• Add fill.
• Add in_range.
• Add matches_property.
• Add spread.
• Add start_case.
• Make callbacks support matches_property style as [key, value] or (key, value).
• Make callbacks support shallow property style callbacks as [key] or (key,).

v3.0.0 (2015-02-25)

• Add ary.
• Add chars.
• Add chop.
• Add chop_right.
• Add clean.
• Add commit method to chain that returns a new chain with the computed chain.value() as the initial value of the chain.
• Add count_substr.
• Add decapitalize.
• Add duplicates.
• Add has_substr.
• Add human_case.
• Add insert_substr.
• Add is_blank.
• Add is_bool as alias of is_boolean.
• Add is_builtin, is_native.
• Add is_dict as alias of is_plain_object.
• Add is_int as alias of is_integer.
• Add is_match.
• Add is_num as alias of is_number.
• Add is_tuple.
• Add join as alias of implode.
• Add lines.
• Add number_format.
• Add pascal_case.
• Add plant method to chain that returns a cloned chain with a new initial value.
• Add predecessor.
• Add property_of, prop_of.
• Add prune.
• Add re_replace.
• Add rearg.
• Add replace.
• Add run as alias of chain.value.
• Add separator_case.
• Add series_phrase.
• Add series_phrase_serial.
• Add slugify.
• Add sort_by_all.
• Add strip_tags.
• Add substr_left.
• Add substr_left_end.
• Add substr_right.
• Add substr_right_end.
• Add successor.
• Add swap_case.
• Add title_case.
• Add truncate as alias of trunc.
• Add to_boolean.
• Add to_dict, to_plain_object.
• Add to_number.
• Add underscore_case as alias of snake_case.
• Add unquote.
• Fix deep_has to return False when ValueError raised during path checking.
• Fix pad so that it doesn’t over pad beyond provided length.
• Fix trunc/truncate so that they handle texts shorter than the max string length correctly.
• Make the following functions work with empty strings and None: (breaking change) Thanks k7sleeper!
  • camel_case
  • capitalize
  • chars
  • chop
  • chop_right
  • class_case
  • clean
  • count_substr
  • decapitalize
  • ends_with
  • join
  • js_replace
  • kebab_case
  • lines
  • quote
  • re_replace
  • replace
  • series_phrase
  • series_phrase_serial
  • starts_with
  • surround
• Make callback invocation have better support for builtin functions and methods. Previously, if one wanted to pass a builtin function or method as a callback, it had to be wrapped in a lambda which limited the number of arguments that would be passed it. For example, _.each([1, 2, 3], array.append) would fail and would need to be converted to _.each([1, 2, 3], lambda item: array.append(item). That is no longer the case as the non-wrapped method is now supported.
• Make capitalize accept strict argument to control whether to convert the rest of the string to lower case or not. Defaults to True.
• Make chain support late passing of initial value argument.
• Make chain not store computed value(). (breaking change)
• Make drop, drop_right, take, and take_right have default n=1.
• Make is_indexed return True for tuples.
• Make partial and partial_right accept keyword arguments.
• Make pluck style callbacks support deep paths. (breaking change)
• Make re_replace accept non-string arguments.
• Make sort_by accept reverse parameter.
• Make splice work with strings.
• Make to_string convert None to empty string. (breaking change)
• Move arrays.join to strings.join. (breaking change)
• Rename join/implode’s second parameter from delimiter to separator. (breaking change)
• Rename split/explode’s second parameter from delimiter to separator. (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for after from (n, func) to (func, n). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for before from (n, func) to (func, n). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for times from (n, callback) to (callback, n). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for js_match from (reg_exp, text) to (text, reg_exp). (breaking change)
• Reorder function arguments for js_replace from (reg_exp, text, repl) to (text, reg_exp, repl). (breaking change)
• Support iteration over class instance properties for non-list, non-dict, and non-iterable objects.

v2.4.2 (2015-02-03)

• Fix remove so that array is modified after callback iteration.

v2.4.1 (2015-01-11)

• Fix kebab_case so that it casts string to lower case.

v2.4.0 (2015-01-07)

• Add ensure_ends_with. Thanks k7sleeper!
• Add ensure_starts_with. Thanks k7sleeper!
• Add quote. Thanks k7sleeper!
• Add surround. Thanks k7sleeper!

v2.3.2 (2014-12-10)

• Fix merge and assign/extend so they apply clone_deep to source values before assigning to destination object.
• Make merge accept a callback as a positional argument if it is last.

v2.3.1 (2014-12-07)

• Add pipe and pipe_right as aliases of flow and flow_right.
• Fix merge so that trailing {} or [] don’t overwrite previous source values.
• Make py_ an alias for _.

v2.3.0 (2014-11-10)

• Support type callbacks (e.g. int, float, str, etc.) by only passing a single callback argument when invoking the callback.
• Drop official support for Python 3.2. Too many testing dependencies no longer work on it.

v2.2.0 (2014-10-28)

• Add append.
• Add deep_get.
• Add deep_has.
• Add deep_map_values.
• Add deep_set.
• Add deep_pluck.
• Add deep_property.
• Add join.
• Add pop.
• Add push.
• Add reverse.
• Add shift.
• Add sort.
• Add splice.
• Add unshift.
• Add url.
• Fix bug in snake_case that resulted in returned string not being converted to lower case.
• Fix bug in chaining method access test which skipped the actual test.
• Make _ instance alias method access to methods with a trailing underscore in their name. For example, _.map() becomes an alias for map_().
• Make deep_prop an alias of deep_property.
• Make has work with deep paths.
• Make has_path an alias of deep_has.
• Make get_path handle escaping the . delimiter for string keys.
• Make get_path handle list indexing using strings such as '0.1.2' to access 'value' in [[0, [0, 0, 'value']]].
• Make concat an alias of cat.

v2.1.0 (2014-09-17)

• Add add, sum_.
• Add average, avg, mean.
• Add mapiter.
• Add median.
• Add moving_average, moving_avg.
• Add power, pow_.
• Add round_, curve.
• Add scale.
• Add slope.
• Add std_deviation, sigma.
• Add transpose.
• Add variance.
• Add zscore.

v2.0.0 (2014-09-11)

• Add _ instance that supports both method chaining and module method calling.
• Add cat.
• Add conjoin.
• Add deburr.
• Add disjoin.
• Add explode.
• Add flatten_deep.
• Add flow.
• Add flow_right.
• Add get_path.
• Add has_path.
• Add implode.
• Add intercalate.
• Add interleave.
• Add intersperse.
• Add is_associative.
• Add is_even.
• Add is_float.
• Add is_decreasing.
• Add is_increasing.
• Add is_indexed.
• Add is_instance_of.
• Add is_integer.
• Add is_json.
• Add is_monotone.
• Add is_negative.
• Add is_odd.
• Add is_positive.
• Add is_strictly_decreasing.
• Add is_strictly_increasing.
• Add is_zero.
• Add iterated.
• Add js_match.
• Add js_replace.
• Add juxtapose.
• Add mapcat.
• Add reductions.
• Add reductions_right.
• Add rename_keys.
• Add set_path.
• Add split_at.
• Add thru.
• Add to_string.
• Add update_path.
• Add words.
• Make callback function calling adapt to argspec of given callback function. If, for example, the full callback signature is (item, index, obj) but the passed in callback only supports (item), then only item will be passed in when callback is invoked. Previously, callbacks had to support all arguments or implement star-args.
• Make chain lazy and only compute the final value when value called.
• Make compose an alias of flow_right.
• Make flatten shallow by default, remove callback option, and add is_deep option. (breaking change)
• Make is_number return False for boolean True and False. (breaking change)
• Make invert accept multivalue argument.
• Make result accept default argument.
• Make slice_ accept optional start and end arguments.
• Move files in pydash/api/ to pydash/. (breaking change)
• Move predicate functions from pydash.api.objects to pydash.api.predicates. (breaking change)
• Rename create_callback to iteratee. (breaking change)
• Rename functions to callables in order to allow functions.py to exist at the root of the pydash module folder. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iter_callback to itercallback. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iter_list_callback to iterlist_callback. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iter_dict_callback to iterdict_callback. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iterate to iterator. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iter_dict to iterdict. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iter_list to iterlist. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _iter_unique to iterunique. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _get_item to getitem. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _set_item to setitem. (breaking change)
• Rename private utility function _deprecated to deprecated. (breaking change)
• Undeprecate tail and make alias of rest.

v1.1.0 (2014-08-19)

• Add attempt.
• Add before.
• Add camel_case.
• Add capitalize.
• Add chunk.
• Add curry_right.
• Add drop_right.
• Add drop_right_while.
• Add drop_while.
• Add ends_with.
• Add escape_reg_exp and escape_re.
• Add is_error.
• Add is_reg_exp and is_re.
• Add kebab_case.
• Add keys_in as alias of keys.
• Add negate.
• Add pad.
• Add pad_left.
• Add pad_right.
• Add partition.
• Add pull_at.
• Add repeat.
• Add slice_.
• Add snake_case.
• Add sorted_last_index.
• Add starts_with.
• Add take_right.
• Add take_right_while.
• Add take_while.
• Add trim.
• Add trim_left.
• Add trim_right.
• Add trunc.
• Add values_in as alias of values.
• Create pydash.api.strings module.
• Deprecate tail.
• Modify drop to accept n argument and remove as alias of rest.
• Modify take to accept n argument and remove as alias of first.
• Move escape and unescape from pydash.api.utilities to pydash.api.strings. (breaking change)
• Move range_ from pydash.api.arrays to pydash.api.utilities. (breaking change)

v1.0.0 (2014-08-05)

• Add Python 2.6 and Python 3 support.
• Add after.
• Add assign and extend. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add callback and create_callback.
• Add chain.
• Add clone.
• Add clone_deep.
• Add compose.
• Add constant.
• Add count_by. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add curry.
• Add debounce.
• Add defaults. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add delay.
• Add escape.
• Add find_key. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add find_last. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add find_last_index. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add find_last_key. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add for_each. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add for_each_right. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add for_in. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add for_in_right. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add for_own. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add for_own_right. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add functions_ and methods. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add group_by. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add has. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add index_by. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add identity.
• Add inject.
• Add invert.
• Add invoke. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_list. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_boolean. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_empty. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_equal.
• Add is_function. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_none. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_number. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add is_object.
• Add is_plain_object.
• Add is_string. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add keys.
• Add map_values.
• Add matches.
• Add max_. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add memoize.
• Add merge.
• Add min_. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add noop.
• Add now.
• Add omit.
• Add once.
• Add pairs.
• Add parse_int.
• Add partial.
• Add partial_right.
• Add pick.
• Add property_ and prop.
• Add pull. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add random.
• Add reduce_ and foldl.
• Add reduce_right and foldr.
• Add reject. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add remove.
• Add result.
• Add sample.
• Add shuffle.
• Add size.
• Add sort_by. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add tap.
• Add throttle.
• Add times.
• Add transform.
• Add to_list. Thanks nathancahill!
• Add unescape.
• Add unique_id.
• Add values.
• Add wrap.
• Add xor.

v0.0.0 (2014-07-22)

• Add all_.
• Add any_.
• Add at.
• Add bisect_left.
• Add collect.
• Add collections.
• Add compact.
• Add contains.
• Add detect.
• Add difference.
• Add drop.
• Add each.
• Add each_right.
• Add every.
• Add filter_.
• Add find.
• Add find_index.
• Add find_where.
• Add first.
• Add flatten.
• Add head.
• Add include.
• Add index_of.
• Add initial.
• Add intersection.
• Add last.
• Add last_index_of.
• Add map_.
• Add object_.
• Add pluck.
• Add range_.
• Add rest.
• Add select.
• Add some.
• Add sorted_index.
• Add tail.
• Add take.
• Add union.
• Add uniq.
• Add unique.
• Add unzip.
• Add where.
• Add without.
• Add zip_.
• Add zip_object.

Authors

Lead

• Derrick Gilland, dgilland@gmail.com, dgilland@github

Contributors

• Nathan Cahill, nathan@nathancahill.com, nathancahill@github
• Klaus Sevensleeper, k7sleeper@gmail.com, k7sleeper@github
• Bharadwaj Yarlagadda, yarlagaddabharadwaj@gmail.com, bharadwajyarlagadda@github
• Michael James, urbnjamesmi1@github
• Tim Griesser, tgriesser@gmail.com, tgriesser@github
• Shaun Patterson, shaunpatterson@github
• Brian Beck, beck3905@github
• Frank Epperlein, efenka@github

Contributing

Contributions are welcome, and they are greatly appreciated! Every little bit helps, and credit will always be given.

You can contribute in many ways:

Types of Contributions

Report Bugs

Report bugs at https://github.com/dgilland/pydash.

If you are reporting a bug, please include:

• Your operating system name and version.
• Any details about your local setup that might be helpful in troubleshooting.
• Detailed steps to reproduce the bug.

Fix Bugs

Look through the GitHub issues for bugs. Anything tagged with “bug” is open to whoever wants to implement it.

Implement Features

Look through the GitHub issues for features. Anything tagged with “enhancement” or “help wanted” is open to whoever wants to implement it.

Write Documentation

pydash could always use more documentation, whether as part of the official pydash docs, in docstrings, or even on the web in blog posts, articles, and such.

Submit Feedback

The best way to send feedback is to file an issue at https://github.com/dgilland/pydash.

If you are proposing a feature:

• Explain in detail how it would work.
• Keep the scope as narrow as possible, to make it easier to implement.
• Remember that this is a volunteer-driven project, and that contributions are welcome :)

Get Started!

Ready to contribute? Here’s how to set up pydash for local development.

1. Fork the pydash repo on GitHub.

2. Clone your fork locally:

   $ git clone git@github.com:your_username_here/pydash.git
   

3. Install Python dependencies into a virtualenv:

   $ cd pydash
   $ pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
   

4. Create a branch for local development:

   $ git checkout -b name-of-your-bugfix-or-feature
   

   Now you can make your changes locally.

5. When you’re done making changes, check that your changes pass linting and all unit tests by testing with tox across all supported Python versions:

   $ tox
   

6. Add yourself to AUTHORS.rst.

7. Commit your changes and push your branch to GitHub:

   $ git add .
   $ git commit -m "Detailed description of your changes."
   $ git push origin name-of-your-bugfix-or-feature
   

8. Submit a pull request through the GitHub website.

Pull Request Guidelines

Before you submit a pull request, check that it meets these guidelines:

1. The pull request should include tests.
2. If the pull request adds functionality, the docs should be updated. Put your new functionality into a function with a docstring, and add the feature to the README.rst.
3. The pull request should work for all versions Python that this project supports. Check https://travis-ci.org/dgilland/pydash/pull_requests and make sure that the all environments pass.

Kudos

Thank you to Lodash for providing such a great library to port.

Indices and Tables

• Index
• Module Index
• Search Page