Cloud Storage

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Cloud Storage is a Python +3.5 package which creates a unified API for the cloud storage services: Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3), Microsoft Azure Storage, Minio Cloud Storage, Rackspace Cloud Files, Google Cloud Storage, and the Local File System.

Cloud Storage is inspired by Apache Libcloud. Advantages to Apache Libcloud Storage are:

  • Full Python 3 support.

  • Generate temporary signed URLs for downloading and uploading files.

  • Support for request and response headers like Content-Disposition.

  • Pythonic! Iterate through all blobs in containers and all containers in storage using respective objects.

Usage

>>> from cloudstorage.drivers.amazon import S3Driver
>>> storage = S3Driver(key='<my-aws-access-key-id>', secret='<my-aws-secret-access-key>')

>>> container = storage.create_container('avatars')
>>> container.cdn_url
'https://avatars.s3.amazonaws.com/'

>>> avatar_blob = container.upload_blob('/path/my-avatar.png')
>>> avatar_blob.cdn_url
'https://s3.amazonaws.com/avatars/my-avatar.png'

>>> avatar_blob.generate_download_url(expires=3600)
'https://avatars.s3.amazonaws.com/my-avatar.png?'
'AWSAccessKeyId=<my-aws-access-key-id>'
'&Signature=<generated-signature>'
'&Expires=1491849102'

>>> container.generate_upload_url('user-1-avatar.png', expires=3600)
{
    'url': 'https://avatars.s3.amazonaws.com/',
    'fields': {
        'key': 'user-1-avatar.png',
        'AWSAccessKeyId': '<my-aws-access-key-id>',
        'policy': '<generated-policy>',
        'signature': '<generated-signature>'
    }
}

Installation

To install Cloud Storage:

pip install cloudstorage

Also install the storage driver(s) you will be using:

pip install cloudstorage[amazon]
pip install cloudstorage[google]
pip install cloudstorage[local]
pip install cloudstorage[microsoft]
pip install cloudstorage[minio]
pip install cloudstorage[rackspace]

General

Installation

Install

You can install the latest stable version of Cloud Storage using pip:

pip install cloudstorage

Also install the storage driver(s) you will be using:

pip install cloudstorage[amazon]
pip install cloudstorage[google]
pip install cloudstorage[local]
pip install cloudstorage[microsoft]
pip install cloudstorage[minio]
pip install cloudstorage[rackspace]

If you don’t have pip installed, this Python installation guide can guide you through the process.

Source Code

Cloud Storage is actively developed on GitHub, where the code is always available.

You can either clone the public repository:

git clone https://github.com/scottwernervt/cloudstorage.git

Or, download the tarball:

curl -OL https://github.com/scottwernervt/cloudstorage/tarball/master

Once you have a copy of the source, you can embed it in your own Python package, or install it into your site-packages easily:

python setup.py install

Supported Services

Driver

Driver Class

Driver Name

Amazon S3

S3Driver

S3

Blackblaze B2 Cloud Storage

TODO

Google Cloud Storage

GoogleStorageDriver

GOOGLESTORAGE

Microsoft Azure Storage

AzureStorageDriver

AZURE

Minio Cloud Storage

MinioDriver

MINIO

Rackspace CloudFiles

CloudFilesDriver

CLOUDFILES

Local

LocalDriver

LOCAL

Do not see your provider? Create an issue and vote for at cloudstorage issues.

Quick Start

Basic Terminology

  • Blobs are objects, keys, or files.

  • Containers (buckets) manage blobs.

  • Storage Driver initiates a connection to the storage backend and manage containers.

Connecting to Storage

Let’s start with creating a Local File System storage driver (replace key argument with a folder path of your choosing):

from cloudstorage.drivers.local import LocalDriver

storage = LocalDriver(key='/home/webapp/storage', secret='<my-secret>')
# <Driver: LOCAL>

Alternatively, the driver can be initialized with its name. This is useful if you have different configurations for testing vs production. For example, a Flask app might use the LOCAL driver for testing and S3 for production.

from cloudstorage import get_driver_by_name

driver_cls = get_driver_by_name('LOCAL')
storage = driver_cls(key='/home/webapp/storage', secret='<my-secret>')
# <Driver: LOCAL>

Creating a Container

Creating a container:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name LOCAL>

Accessing a Container

Getting a container:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name LOCAL>

Deleting a Container

All of the blob objects in a container must be deleted before the container itself can be deleted:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')

for blob in container:
    blob.delete()

container.delete()

Uploading a Blob

Storing data from a file, stream, or string:

picture_path = '/path/picture.png'
picture_blob = container.upload_blob(picture_path)
# <Blob picture.png container-name LOCAL>

with open('/path/picture.png', 'rb') as picture_file:
    picture_blob = container.upload_blob(picture_file, blob_name='picture.png')
    # <Blob picture.png container-name LOCAL>

Cloud Storage will attempt to guess the uploaded file’s Content-Type using mimetypes and python-magic. The Content-Type can be overridden with the content_type argument:

with open('/path/picture.png', 'rb') as picture_file:
    picture_blob = container.upload_blob(filename=picture_file,
                                         content_type='application/octet-stream')
    # <Blob picture.png container-name LOCAL>
    picture_blob.content_type
    # 'application/octet-stream'

Important

Always use read binary mode rb when uploading a file like object.

Warning

The effect of uploading to an existing blob depends on the “versioning” and “lifecycle” policies defined on the blob’s container. In the absence of those policies, upload will overwrite any existing contents. As of now, Cloud Storage does not supporting versioning/generation.

Accessing a Blob

To get a blob from a container and its attributes:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob.name
# 'picture.png'
picture_blob.size
# 50301
picture_blob.checksum
# '2f907a59924ad96b7478074ed96b05f0'
picture_blob.etag
# 'bf506fc6ffbc3c4a2756eac85a0b4d2f3f227fee'
picture_blob.content_type
# 'image/png'
picture_blob.created_at
# datetime.datetime(2017, 4, 19, 18, 38, 26, 335373)

Downloading a Blob

Downloading a blob data to a file path:

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob.download('/path/picture-copy.png')

Or to a file like object:

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
with open('/path/picture-copy.png', 'wb') as picture_file:
    picture_blob.download(picture_file)

Important

Always use write binary mode wb when downloading a blob to a file like object.

Deleting a Blob

Deleting a blob:

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob.delete()

Generate a Download Url

Generates a signed URL to download a blob:

from urllib.parse import urlencode

import requests

storage_url = 'http://localhost/storage'

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
signature = picture_blob.generate_download_url(expires=120)

url_params = {
    'signature': signature,
    'filename': 'picture.png',
}
download_url = storage_url + '?' + urlencode(url_params)
# 'http://localhost/storage?signature=<generated-signature>&filename=picture.png'

response = requests.get(download_url)
# <Response [200]>

with open('/path/picture-download.png', 'wb') as picture_file:
    for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=128):
        picture_file.write(chunk)

Generate an Upload FormPost

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to a container:

import requests

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
form_post = container.generate_upload_url('avatar.png', expires=120)

url = form_post['url']
fields = form_post['fields']
multipart_form_data = {
    'file': open('/path/picture.png', 'rb'),
}

response = requests.post(url, data=fields, files=multipart_form_data)
# <Response [204]>

Iteration of Containers and Blobs

Storage and containers are both iterable:

for container in storage:
    container.name
    # 'container-a', 'container-b', ...

    for blob in container:
        blob.name
        # 'blob-1', 'blob-2', ...

Check if a container or container name exists in storage:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
container in storage
# True
'container-name' in storage
# True

Check if a blob or blob name exists in a container:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob in container
# True
'picture.png' in container
# True

Metadata and Extra Arguments

If supported by the driver, extra arguments can be included with operations on containers and blobs. For example, meta_data can be saved to a blob object or Content-Disposition set to inline or attachment.

options = {
    'acl': 'public-read',
    'content_disposition': 'attachment; filename="user-1-avatar.png"',
    'content_type': 'image/png',
    'cache_control': 'max-age=86400',
    'meta_data': {
        'owner-id': '1',
        'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com',
    }
}

picture_path = '/path/picture.png'
picture_blob = container.upload_blob(picture_path, **options)
picture_blob.content_disposition
# 'attachment; filename="user-1-avatar.png"'
picture_blob.cache_control
# 'max-age=86400'
picture_blob.meta_data
# {'owner-id': '1', 'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com'}

Tip

It is recommended to save to meta data keys with dashes, owner-id, instead of with underscores, owner_id. Some drivers will allow underscores but other drivers will automatically convert them to dashes.

Proceed to the Advanced section for individual driver documentation and advanced usages like generating presigned upload and download URLs.

Advanced

This section contains extra documentation for each driver. For more examples and usage, check out the API documentation for Blob, Container, and Driver.

Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)

Amazon S3Driver is a wrapper around Boto 3.

Connecting

Change region from default us-east-1 to us-west-1:

from cloudstorage.drivers.amazon import S3Driver

storage = S3Driver(key='<my-aws-access-key-id>',
                   secret='<my-aws-secret-access-key>',
                   region='us-west-1')
# <Driver: S3 us-west-1>

Regions supported:

  • ap-northeast-1

  • ap-northeast-2

  • ap-south-1

  • ap-southeast-1

  • ap-southeast-2

  • ca-central-1

  • eu-central-1

  • eu-west-1

  • eu-west-2

  • sa-east-1

  • us-east-1

  • us-east-2

  • us-west-1

  • us-west-2

Access Control List (ACL)

By default, all containers and blobs default to private. To change the access control when creating a container or blob, include the acl argument option:

container = storage.create_container('container-public', acl='public-read')
container.cdn_url
# https://s3.amazonaws.com/container-public

container = storage.get_container('container-public')
picture_blob = container.upload_blob('/path/picture.png', acl='public-read')
picture_blob.cdn_url
# https://s3.amazonaws.com/container-public/picture.png

Support ACL values for S3:

  • private

  • public-read

  • public-read-write

  • authenticated-read

  • bucket-owner-read

  • bucket-owner-full-control

  • aws-exec-read

Warning

Updating ACL on an existing container or blob is not currently supported.

Google Cloud Storage

GoogleStorageDriver is a wrapper around google-cloud-storage.

Connecting

The driver will check for GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS environment variable before connecting. If not found, the driver will use service worker credentials json file path passed to key argument.

from cloudstorage.drivers.google import GoogleStorageDriver

credentials_json_file = '/path/cloud-storage-service-account.json'
storage = GoogleStorageDriver(key=credentials_json_file)
# <Driver: GOOGLESTORAGE>
Access Control List (ACL)

By default, all containers and blobs default to project-private. To change the access control when creating a container or blob, include the acl argument:

container = storage.create_container('container-public', acl='public-read')
container.cdn_url
# https://storage.googleapis.com/container-public

container = storage.get_container('container-public')
picture_blob = container.upload_blob('/path/picture.png', acl='public-read')
picture_blob.cdn_url
# https://storage.googleapis.com/container-public/picture.png

Support ACL values for Google Cloud Storage:

  • private

  • public-read

  • public-read-write

  • authenticated-read

  • bucket-owner-read

  • bucket-owner-full-control

  • project-private

Warning

Updating ACL on an existing container or blob is not currently supported.

Content Delivery Network (CDN)

Calling container.enable_cdn() will make the container public (shared publicly). More information available at Making Data Public.

Microsoft Azure Storage

Microsoft AzureStorageDriver is a wrapper around Azure Storage SDK for Python.

Connecting
from cloudstorage.drivers.microsoft import AzureStorageDriver

storage = AzureStorageDriver(account_name='<my-azure-account-name>',
           key='<my-azure-account-key>')
# <Driver: AZURE>
Access Control List (ACL)

By default, all containers and blobs default to private (public read access). The following container permissions are supported: container-public-access (full public read access) and blob-public-access (public read access for blobs only).

container = storage.create_container('container-public',
                                     acl='container-public-access')
container.cdn_url
# https://s3.amazonaws.com/container-public

Support ACL values for Azure:

  • private

  • container-public-access

  • blob-public-access

Warning

Updating ACL on an existing container is not currently supported.

Minio Cloud Storage

MinioDriver is a wrapper around minio-py.

Connecting

Change region from default us-east-1 to us-west-1:

from cloudstorage.drivers.minio import MinioDriver

storage = MinioDriver(endpoint='<minio-server>:<minio-port>
                      key='<my-access-key-id>',
                      secret='<my-secret-key>',
                      region='us-west-1')
# <Driver: MINIO us-west-1>

Regions supported:

  • us-east-1

  • us-west-1

  • us-west-2

  • eu-west-1

  • eu-central-1

  • ap-southeast-1

  • ap-southeast-2

  • ap-northeast-1

  • ap-northeast-2

  • sa-east-1

  • cn-north-1

Rackspace Cloud Files

Rackspace CloudFilesDriver extends rackspacesdk which is a wrapper around OpenStack SDK.

Connecting

Change region from default Northern Virginia (IAD) to Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW):

from cloudstorage.drivers.rackspace import CloudFilesDriver

storage = CloudFilesDriver(key='<my-rackspace-username>',
                           secret='<my-rackspace-secret-key>',
                           region='DFW')
# <Driver: CLOUDFILES IAD>

Regions supported:

  • Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW)

  • Chicago (ORD)

  • Northern Virginia (IAD)

  • London (LON)

  • Sydney (SYD)

  • Hong Kong (HKG)

Access Control List (ACL)

Warning

Cloud Storage does not currently support canned Access Control List (ACL) for Containers and Blobs.

Content Delivery Network (CDN)

You must enable CDN on the container before accessing a blob’s CDN URL.

container = storage.create_container('container-public')
container.enable_cdn()
# True
container.cdn_url
# https://XXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com

picture_blob = container.upload_blob('/path/picture.png')
picture_blob.cdn_url
# https://XXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com/picture.png

Local File System Driver

LocalDriver can be used as a full storage backend on backend or for testing in development.

Connecting
from cloudstorage.drivers.local import LocalDriver

storage = LocalDriver(key='/home/webapp/storage',
                      secret='<secret-signed-urls>')
# <Driver: LOCAL>
Metadata

Warning

Metadata and other attributes are saved as extended file attributes using the package xattr. Extended attributes are currently only available on Darwin 8.0+ (Mac OS X 10.4) and Linux 2.6+. Experimental support is included for Solaris and FreeBSD.

container = storage.get_container('container-name')

meta_data = {
    'owner-id': '1',
    'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com',
}

picture_blob = container.upload_blob('/path/picture.png', meta_data=meta_data)
picture_blob.meta_data
# {'owner-id': '1', 'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com'}

Verify extended attributes on Linux:

$ getfattr -d /path/picture.png
# file: picture.png
user.content-type="image/png"
user.metadata.owner-email="user.one@startup.com"
user.metadata.owner-id="1"
Generate a Download Url

You can optionally share blobs with others by creating a pre-signed URL which grants time-limited permission to download the blobs. Below will generate a URL that expires in 2 minutes (120 seconds):

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
signature = picture_blob.generate_download_url(expires=120)
# '<generated-signature>'

The signature can then be appended as a url query parameter to your web apps storage route:

from urllib.parse import urlencode

storage_url = 'http://localhost/storage'
url_params = {
    'signature': signature,
    'filename': 'picture.png',
}

download_url = storage_url + '?' + urlencode(url_params)
# 'http://localhost/storage?signature=<generated-signature>&filename=picture.png'

The user clicks the download URL link and the backend validates the signature:

from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs

o = urlparse(download_url)
query = parse_qs(o.query)
# {'signature': ['<generated-signature>'], 'filename': ['picture.png']}

signature = query['signature'][0]
payload = storage.validate_signature(signature)
# {
#   'max_age': 120,
#   'expires': 1492583288,
#   'blob_name': 'picture.png',
#   'container': 'container-name',
#   'method': 'GET',
#   'content_disposition': None
# }

container_request = storage.get_container(payload['container'])
blob_request = container_request.get_blob(payload['blob_name'])
blob_request.path
# 'container-name/picture.png'

If the signature has expired, LocalDriver.validate_signature() will raise SignatureExpiredError. Finally, the web app would serve the static file over Apache or Nginx (or other web server) using request header like X-SendFile or by stream the file contents.

Generate an Upload FormPost

Generates a signed URL to upload a file to a container that expires in 120 seconds (2 minutes):

container = storage.get_container('container-name')

options = {
    'expires': 120,
    'content_disposition': 'inline; filename=avatar-user-1.png',
    'meta_data': {
        'owner-id': '1',
        'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com',
    },
}
form_post = container.generate_upload_url('avatar-user-1.png', **options)
# {
#   'url': '',
#   'fields': {
#     'blob_name': 'avatar-user-1.png',
#     'container': 'container-name',
#     'expires': 1492629357,
#     'signature': '<generated-signature>'
#   }
# }

Generate a form with method=”POST” and enctype=”multipart/form-data” with the fields above:

post_url = 'http://localhost/storage'
fields = [
    '<input type="hidden" name="{name}" value="{value}" />'.format(
        name=name, value=value)
    for name, value in form_post['fields'].items()
]

upload_form = [
    '<form action="{url}" method="post" '
    'enctype="multipart/form-data">'.format(
        url=post_url),
    *fields,
    '<input name="file" type="file" />',
    '<input type="submit" value="Upload" />',
    '</form>',
]

print('\n'.join(upload_form))

<form action="http://localhost/storage" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="hidden" name="blob_name" value="avatar-user-1.png" />
    <input type="hidden" name="container" value="container-name" />
    <input type="hidden" name="expires" value="1492630156" />
    <input type="hidden" name="signature" value="<generated-signature>" />
    <input name="file" type="file" />
    <input type="submit" value="Upload" />
</form>

The user uploads a file to your route http://localhost/storage with method POST and the signature can be validated with:

signature = request.form['signature']
payload = storage.validate_signature(signature)
# {
#   'acl': None,
#   'meta_data': {
#     'owner-id': '1',
#     'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com'
#   },
#   'content_disposition': 'inline; filename=avatar-user-1.png',
#   'content_length': None,
#   'content_type': None,
#   'max_age': 3600,
#   'blob_name': 'avatar-user-1.png',
#   'container': 'container-name',
#   'expires': 1492631817
# }

container = storage.get_container(payload['container'])

blob = container.upload_blob(filename=request.files['file'],
                             blob_name=payload['blob_name'],
                             acl=payload.get('acl'),
                             meta_data=payload.get('meta_data'),
                             content_type=payload.get('content_type'),
                             content_disposition=payload.get('content_disposition'))
# <Blob avatar-user-1.png container-name LOCAL>

Developer

API Reference

Base

Blob
class cloudstorage.base.Blob(name, checksum, etag, size, container, driver, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, created_at=None, modified_at=None, expires_at=None)[source]

Represents an object blob.

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob.size
# 50301
picture_blob.checksum
# '2f907a59924ad96b7478074ed96b05f0'
picture_blob.content_type
# 'image/png'
picture_blob.content_disposition
# 'attachment; filename=picture-attachment.png'
Parameters

  • name (str) – Blob name (must be unique in container).

  • checksum (str) – Checksum of this blob.

  • etag (str) – Blob etag which can also be the checksum. The etag for LocalDriver is a SHA1 hexdigest of the blob’s full path.

  • size (int) – Blob size in bytes.

  • container (Container) – Reference to the blob’s container.

  • driver (Driver) – Reference to the blob’s container’s driver.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Metadata stored with the blob.

  • acl (dict or None) – (optional) Access control list (ACL) for this blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for this blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • created_at (datetime.datetime or None) – (optional) Creation time of this blob.

  • modified_at (datetime.datetime or None) – (optional) Last modified time of this blob.

  • expires_at (datetime.datetime or None) – (optional) Deletion or expiration time for this blob.

__len__()[source]

The blob size in bytes.

Returns

bytes

Return type

int

property cdn_url

The Content Delivery Network URL for this blob.

https://container-name.storage.com/picture.png

Returns

The CDN URL for this blob.

Return type

str

property path

Relative URL path for this blob.

container-name/picture.png

Returns

The relative URL path to this blob.

Return type

str

delete()[source]

Delete this blob from the container.

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob.delete()
picture_blob in container
# False
Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

download(destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Filename:

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob.download('/path/picture-copy.png')

File object:

Important

Always use write binary mode wb when downloading a blob to a file object.

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
with open('/path/picture-copy.png', 'wb') as picture_file:
    picture_blob.download(picture_file)
Parameters

destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

generate_download_url(expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

If you have a blob that you want to allow access to for a set amount of time, you can use this method to generate a URL that is only valid within a certain time period. This is particularly useful if you don’t want publicly accessible blobs, but don’t want to require users to explicitly log in. 1

1

Blobs / Objects — google-cloud 0.24.0 documentation

Basic example:

import requests

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
download_url = picture_blob.download_url(expires=3600)

response = requests.get(download_url)
# <Response [200]>

with open('/path/picture-download.png', 'wb') as picture_file:
    for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=128):
        picture_file.write(chunk)

Response Content-Disposition example:

picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')

params = {
    'expires': 3600,
    'content_disposition': 'attachment; filename=attachment.png'
}
download_url = picture_blob.download_url(**params)

response = requests.get(download_url)
# <Response [200]>
response.headers['content-disposition']
# attachment; filename=attachment.png

References:

Parameters

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) –

    (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

    • All

      • content_type (str) – Sets the Content-Type header of the response.

    • Google Cloud Storage

      • version (str) – A value that indicates which generation of the resource to fetch.

    • Amazon S3

      • version_id (str) – Version of the object.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob. LocalDriver returns urlsafe signature.

Return type

str

patch()[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Warning

Not supported by all drivers yet.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

Container
class cloudstorage.base.Container(name, driver, acl=None, meta_data=None, created_at=None)[source]

Represents a container (bucket or folder) which contains blobs.

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
container.name
# container-name
container.created_at
# 2017-04-11 08:58:12-04:00
len(container)
# 20

Todo

Add option to delete blobs before deleting the container.

Todo

Support extra headers like Content-Encoding.

Parameters

  • name (str) – Container name (must be unique).

  • driver (Driver) – Reference to this container’s driver.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container’s canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Metadata stored with this container.

  • created_at (datetime.datetime or None) – Creation time of this container.

__contains__(blob)[source]

Determines whether or not the blob exists in this container.

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
picture_blob in container
# True
'picture.png' in container
# True
Parameters

blob (str or Blob) – Blob or Blob name.

Returns

True if the blob exists.

Return type

bool

__iter__()[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
for blob in container:
    blob.name
    # blob-1.ext, blob-2.ext
Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

__len__()[source]

Total number of blobs in this container.

Returns

Blob count in this container.

Return type

int

property cdn_url

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

https://container-name.storage.com/

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

patch()[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this container.

Warning

Not supported by all drivers yet.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete()[source]

Delete this container.

Important

All blob objects in the container must be deleted before the container itself can be deleted.

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
container.delete()
container in storage
# False
Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
upload_blob(filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

If content_type is None, Cloud Storage will attempt to guess the standard MIME type using the packages: python-magic or mimetypes. If that fails, Cloud Storage will leave it up to the storage backend to guess it.

Warning

The effect of uploading to an existing blob depends on the “versioning” and “lifecycle” policies defined on the blob’s container. In the absence of those policies, upload will overwrite any existing contents.

Basic example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
picture_blob = container.upload_blob('/path/picture.png')
# <Blob picture.png container-name S3>

Set Content-Type example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
with open('/path/resume.doc', 'rb') as resume_file:
    resume_blob = container.upload_blob(resume_file,
        content_type='application/msword')
    resume_blob.content_type
    # 'application/msword'

Set Metadata and ACL:

picture_file = open('/path/picture.png', 'rb)
    'acl': 'public-read',
meta_data = {
    'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com',
    'owner-id': '1'
}

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
picture_blob = container.upload_blob(picture_file,
    acl='public-read', meta_data=meta_data)
picture_blob.meta_data
# {owner-id': '1', 'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com'}

References:

Parameters

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
picture_blob = container.get_blob('picture.png')
# <Blob picture.png container-name S3>
Parameters

blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

generate_upload_url(blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to this container.

This method gives your website a way to upload objects to a container through a web form without giving the user direct write access.

Basic example:

import requests

picture_file = open('/path/picture.png', 'rb')

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
form_post = container.generate_upload_url('avatar-user-1.png')

url = form_post['url']
fields = form_post['fields']
multipart_form_data = {
    'file': ('avatar.png', picture_file, 'image/png'),
}

resp = requests.post(url, data=fields, files=multipart_form_data)
# <Response [201]> or <Response [204]>

avatar_blob = container.get_blob('avatar-user-1.png')
# <Blob avatar-user-1.png container-name S3>

Form example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
form_post = container.generate_upload_url('avatar-user-1.png')

# Generate an upload form using the form fields and url
fields = [
    '<input type="hidden" name="{name}" value="{value}" />'.format(
        name=name, value=value)
    for name, value in form_post['fields'].items()
]

upload_form = [
    '<form action="{url}" method="post" '
    'enctype="multipart/form-data">'.format(
        url=form_post['url']),
    *fields,
    '<input name="file" type="file" />',
    '<input type="submit" value="Upload" />',
    '</form>',
]

print('\n'.join(upload_form))

<!--Google Cloud Storage Generated Form-->
<form action="https://container-name.storage.googleapis.com"
      method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="hidden" name="key" value="avatar-user-1.png" />
<input type="hidden" name="bucket" value="container-name" />
<input type="hidden" name="GoogleAccessId" value="<my-access-id>" />
<input type="hidden" name="policy" value="<generated-policy>" />
<input type="hidden" name="signature" value="<generated-sig>" />
<input name="file" type="file" />
<input type="submit" value="Upload" />
</form>

Content-Disposition and Metadata example:

import requests

params = {
    'blob_name': 'avatar-user-1.png',
    'meta_data': {
        'owner-id': '1',
        'owner-email': 'user.one@startup.com'
    },
    'content_type': 'image/png',
    'content_disposition': 'attachment; filename=attachment.png'
}
form_post = container.generate_upload_url(**params)

url = form_post['url']
fields = form_post['fields']
multipart_form_data = {
    'file': open('/path/picture.png', 'rb'),
}

resp = requests.post(url, data=fields, files=multipart_form_data)
# <Response [201]> or <Response [204]>

avatar_blob = container.get_blob('avatar-user-1.png')
avatar_blob.content_disposition
# 'attachment; filename=attachment.png'

References:

Parameters

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes: (<min>, <max>).

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) –

    (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

    • success_action_redirect (str) – A URL that users are redirected to when an upload is successful. If you do not provide a URL, Cloud Storage responds with the status code that you specified in success_action_status.

    • success_action_status (str) – The status code that you want Cloud Storage to respond with when an upload is successful. The default is 204.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy).

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

enable_cdn()[source]

Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for this container.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_cdn()[source]

Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for this container.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

Driver
class cloudstorage.base.Driver(key=None, secret=None, region=None, **kwargs)[source]

Abstract Base Driver Class (abc.ABCMeta) to derive from.

Todo

  • Create driver abstract method to get total number of containers.

  • Create driver abstract method to get total number of blobs in a container.

  • Support for ACL permission grants.

  • Support for CORS.

  • Support for container / blob expiration (delete_at).

Parameters

  • key (str or None) – (optional) API key, username, credentials file, or local directory.

  • secret (str) – (optional) API secret key.

  • region (str) – (optional) Region to connect to.

  • kwargs (dict) – (optional) Extra options for the driver.

name = None

Unique str driver name.

hash_type = 'md5'

hashlib function str name used by driver.

url = None

Unique str driver URL.

__contains__(container)[source]

Determines whether or not the container exists.

Parameters

container (cloudstorage.Container or str) – Container or container name.

Returns

True if the container exists.

Return type

bool

abstract __iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

abstract __len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

abstract validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

abstract property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

abstract create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

abstract get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

abstract patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

abstract delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
abstract container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

abstract enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

abstract disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

abstract upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

abstract get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

abstract get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

abstract download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

abstract patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

abstract delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

abstract blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

abstract generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

abstract generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

Drivers

AzureStorageDriver
class cloudstorage.drivers.microsoft.AzureStorageDriver(account_name, key, **kwargs)[source]

Driver for interacting with Microsoft Azure Storage.

from cloudstorage.drivers.microsoft import AzureStorageDriver

storage = AzureStorageDriver(account_name='<my-azure-account-name>',
           key='<my-azure-account-key>')
# <Driver: AZURE>

References:

Parameters

  • account_name (str) – Azure storage account name.

  • key (str) – Azure storage account key.

  • kwargs (dict) – (optional) Extra driver options.

__iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

__len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

property service

The block blob service bound to this driver.

Returns

Service for interacting with the Microsoft Azure Storage API.

Return type

azure.storage.blob.blockblobservice.BlockBlobService

validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

CloudFilesDriver
class cloudstorage.drivers.rackspace.CloudFilesDriver(key, secret=None, region='IAD', **kwargs)[source]

Driver for interacting with Rackspace Cloud Files.

from cloudstorage.drivers.rackspace import CloudFilesDriver

storage = CloudFilesDriver(key='<my-rackspace-username>',
                           secret='<my-rackspace-secret-key>',
                           region='IAD')
# <Driver: CLOUDFILES IAD>

References:

Todo

Add support for RackspaceSDK ACL.

Todo

Add support for missing features like Cache-Control.

Parameters

  • key (str) – Rackspace username.

  • secret (str) – Rackspace secret key.

  • region (str) –

    (optional) Rackspace region. Defaults to IAD.

    • Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW)

    • Chicago (ORD)

    • Northern Virginia (IAD)

    • London (LON)

    • Sydney (SYD)

    • Hong Kong (HKG)

  • kwargs (dict) – (optional) Extra driver options.

Raises

CloudStorageError – If region name is not supported.

__iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

__len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

property conn

Rackspace connection.

Returns

Rackspace connection.

Return type

rackspace.connection.Connection

property object_store

Rackspace object store proxy.

Returns

Proxy to Rackspace object store.

Return type

rackspace.object_store.v1._proxy.Proxy

validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

get_account_temp_url_keys()[source]

Return URL meta keys for signing temporary URLs.

For example:

storage.get_account_temp_url_keys()
# ('<meta_temp_url_key>', '<meta_temp_url_key_2>')

References:

Returns

Tuple of both temporary URL keys.

Return type

tuple

set_account_temp_url_keys(temp_url_key=None, temp_url_key_2=None)[source]

Set URL meta keys for signing temporary URLs.

For example:

# Set key
storage.set_account_temp_url_keys(temp_url_key_2='<my-new-key>')
# ('<my-key>', '<my-new-key>')

# Delete key
storage.set_account_temp_url_keys(temp_url_key_2='')
# ('<my-key>', None)

References:

Parameters

  • temp_url_key (str or None) – (optional) First signing key.

  • temp_url_key_2 (str or None) – (optional) Second signing key.

Returns

Tuple of both temporary URL keys.

Return type

tuple

GoogleStorageDriver
class cloudstorage.drivers.google.GoogleStorageDriver(key=None, **kwargs)[source]

Driver for interacting with Google Cloud Storage.

The driver will check for GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS environment variable before connecting. If not found, the driver will use service worker credentials json file path passed to key argument.

from cloudstorage.drivers.google import GoogleStorageDriver

credentials_json_file = '/path/cloud-storage-service-account.json'
storage = GoogleStorageDriver(key=credentials_json_file)
# <Driver: GOOGLESTORAGE>

References:

Parameters

  • key (str or None) – (optional) File path to service worker credentials json file.

  • kwargs (dict) – (optional) Extra driver options.

Raises

CloudStorageError – If GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS environment variable is not set and/or credentials json file is not passed to the key argument.

__iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

__len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

property client

The client bound to this driver.

Returns

Client for interacting with the Google Cloud Storage API.

Return type

google.cloud.storage.client.Client

validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

LocalDriver
class cloudstorage.drivers.local.LocalDriver(key, secret=None, salt=None, **kwargs)[source]

Driver for interacting with local file-system.

from cloudstorage.drivers.local import LocalDriver

path = '/home/user/webapp/storage'
storage = LocalDriver(key=path, secret='<my-secret>', salt='<my-salt>')
# <Driver: LOCAL>

Modified Source: libcloud.storage.drivers.local.LocalCloudDriver

Parameters

  • key (str) – Storage path directory: /home/user/webapp/storage.

  • secret (str or None) – (optional) Secret key for pre-signed download and upload URLs.

  • salt (str or None) – (optional) Salt for namespacing download and upload pre-signed URLs. For more information. see itsdangerous.

  • kwargs (dict) – (optional) Extra driver options.

Raises

NotADirectoryError – If the key storage path is invalid or does not exist.

__iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

__len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

validate_signature(signature)[source]

Validate signed signature and return payload if valid.

Parameters

signature (str) – Signature.

Returns

Deserialized signature payload.

Return type

dict

Raises

SignatureExpiredError – If the signature has expired.

MinioDriver
class cloudstorage.drivers.minio.MinioDriver(endpoint, key, secret=None, region='us-east-1', **kwargs)[source]

Driver for interacting with any Minio compatible object storage server.

from cloudstorage.drivers.minio import MinioDriver

storage = MinioDriver(endpoint='minioserver:port',
           key='<my-access-key-id>',
           secret='<my-secret-access-key>',
           region='us-east-1',
           secure=True)
# <Driver: Minio us-east-1>

References:

Parameters

  • endpoint (str) – Minio server to connect to.

  • key (str) – Minio access key.

  • secret (str) – Minio secret key.

  • region (str) – (optional) Region to connect to. Defaults to us-east-1.

  • kwargs (dict) –

    (optional) Extra driver options.

    • secure (bool): Use secure connection.

    • http_client (urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager): Use custom http client.

__iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

__len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

property client

Minio client session.

Returns

Minio client session.

Return type

minio.Minio

validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

S3Driver
class cloudstorage.drivers.amazon.S3Driver(key, secret=None, region='us-east-1', **kwargs)[source]

Driver for interacting with Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3).

from cloudstorage.drivers.amazon import S3Driver

storage = S3Driver(key='<my-aws-access-key-id>',
           secret='<my-aws-secret-access-key>',
           region='us-east-1')
# <Driver: S3 us-east-1>

References:

Parameters

  • key (str) – AWS Access Key ID.

  • secret (str) – AWS Secret Access Key.

  • region (str) – (optional) Region to connect to. Defaults to us-east-1.

  • kwargs (dict) – (optional) Extra driver options.

__iter__()[source]

Get all containers associated to the driver.

for container in storage:
    print(container.name)
Yield

Iterator of all containers belonging to this driver.

Yield type

Iterable[Container]

Return type

Iterable[Container]

__len__()[source]

The total number of containers in the driver.

Returns

Number of containers belonging to this driver.

Return type

int

property session

Amazon Web Services session.

Returns

AWS session.

Return type

boto3.session.Session

property s3

S3 service resource.

Returns

The s3 resource instance.

Return type

boto3.resources.base.ServiceResource

validate_credentials()[source]

Validate driver credentials (key and secret).

Returns

None

Return type

None

Raises

CredentialsError – If driver authentication fails.

property regions

List of supported regions for this driver.

Returns

List of region strings.

Return type

list[str]

create_container(container_name, acl=None, meta_data=None)[source]

Create a new container.

For example:

container = storage.create_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

  • container_name (str) – The container name to create.

  • acl (str or None) –

    (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL). If None, defaults to storage backend default.

    • private

    • public-read

    • public-read-write

    • authenticated-read

    • bucket-owner-read

    • bucket-owner-full-control

    • aws-exec-read (Amazon S3)

    • project-private (Google Cloud Storage)

    • container-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

    • blob-public-access (Microsoft Azure Storage)

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the container.

Returns

The newly created or existing container.

Return type

Container

Raises

CloudStorageError – If the container name contains invalid characters.

get_container(container_name)[source]

Get a container by name.

For example:

container = storage.get_container('container-name')
# <Container container-name driver-name>
Parameters

container_name (str) – The name of the container to retrieve.

Returns

The container if it exists.

Return type

Container

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

patch_container(container)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.save().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the container doesn’t exist.

delete_container(container)[source]

Delete this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.delete().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises
container_cdn_url(container)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for this container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.cdn_url.

Returns

The CDN URL for this container.

Return type

str

enable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Enable Content Delivery Network (CDN) for the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.enable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

disable_container_cdn(container)[source]

(Optional) Disable Content Delivery Network (CDN) on the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.disable_cdn().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

True if successful or false if not supported.

Return type

bool

upload_blob(container, filename, blob_name=None, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_type=None, content_disposition=None, cache_control=None, chunk_size=1024, extra=None)[source]

Upload a filename or file like object to a container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.upload_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container to upload the blob to.

  • filename (file or str) – A file handle open for reading or the path to the file.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Blob canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • blob_name (str or None) – (optional) Override the blob’s name. If not set, will default to the filename from path or filename of iterator object.

  • meta_data (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • chunk_size (int) – (optional) Optional chunk size for streaming a transfer.

  • extra (Dict[str, str] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

The uploaded blob.

Return type

Blob

get_blob(container, blob_name)[source]

Get a blob object by name.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.get_blob().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – The container that holds the blob.

  • blob_name (str) – The name of the blob to retrieve.

Returns

The blob object if it exists.

Return type

Blob

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

get_blobs(container)[source]

Get all blobs associated to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.__iter__().

Parameters

container (Container) – A container instance.

Returns

Iterable of all blobs belonging to this container.

Return type

Iterable{Blob]

download_blob(blob, destination)[source]

Download the contents of this blob into a file-like object or into a named file.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.download().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob object to download.

  • destination (file or str) – A file handle to which to write the blob’s data or a filename to be passed to open.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

patch_blob(blob)[source]

Saves all changed attributes for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.update().

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

delete_blob(blob)[source]

Deletes a blob from storage.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.delete().

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The blob to delete.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Raises

NotFoundError – If the blob object doesn’t exist.

blob_cdn_url(blob)[source]

The Content Delivery Network URL for the blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.cdn_url.

Parameters

blob (Blob) – The public blob object.

Returns

The CDN URL for the blob.

Return type

str

generate_container_upload_url(container, blob_name, expires=3600, acl=None, meta_data=None, content_disposition=None, content_length=None, content_type=None, cache_control=None, extra=None)[source]

Generate a signature and policy for uploading objects to the container.

Important

This class method is called by Container.generate_upload_url().

Parameters

  • container (Container) – A container to upload the blob object to.

  • blob_name (str or None) – The blob’s name, prefix, or ‘’ if a user is providing a file name. Note, Rackspace Cloud Files only supports prefixes.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • acl (str or None) – (optional) Container canned Access Control List (ACL).

  • meta_data (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) A map of metadata to store with the blob.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Specifies presentational information for the blob.

  • content_type (str or None) – (optional) A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data.

  • content_length (tuple[int, int] or None) – Specifies that uploaded files can only be between a certain size range in bytes.

  • cache_control (str or None) – (optional) Specify directives for caching mechanisms for the blob.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Dictionary with URL and form fields (includes signature or policy) or header fields.

Return type

Dict[Any, Any]

generate_blob_download_url(blob, expires=3600, method='GET', content_disposition=None, extra=None)[source]

Generates a signed URL for this blob.

Important

This class method is called by Blob.generate_download_url().

Parameters

  • blob (Blob) – The blob to download with a signed URL.

  • expires (int) – (optional) Expiration in seconds.

  • method (str) – (optional) HTTP request method. Defaults to GET.

  • content_disposition (str or None) – (optional) Sets the Content-Disposition header of the response.

  • extra (Dict[Any, Any] or None) – (optional) Extra parameters for the request.

Returns

Pre-signed URL for downloading a blob.

Return type

str

Helper Functions

Helper methods for Cloud Storage.

cloudstorage.helpers.file_checksum(filename, hash_type='md5', block_size=4096)[source]

Returns checksum for file.

from cloudstorage.helpers import file_checksum

picture_path = '/path/picture.png'
file_checksum(picture_path, hash_type='sha256')
# '03ef90ba683795018e541ddfb0ae3e958a359ee70dd4fccc7e747ee29b5df2f8'

Source: get-md5-hash-of-big-files-in-python

Parameters

  • filename (str or FileLike) – File path or stream.

  • hash_type (str) – Hash algorithm function name.

  • block_size (int) – (optional) Chunk size.

Return type

HASH

Returns

Hash of file.

Raises

RuntimeError – If the hash algorithm is not found in hashlib.

Changed in version 0.4: Returns _hashlib.HASH instead of HASH.hexdigest().

cloudstorage.helpers.file_content_type(filename)[source]

Guess content type for file path or file like object.

Parameters

filename (str or file) – File path or file like object.

Returns

Content type.

Return type

str or None

cloudstorage.helpers.parse_content_disposition(data)[source]

Parse Content-Disposition header.

Example:

>>> parse_content_disposition('inline')
('inline', {})

>>> parse_content_disposition('attachment; filename="foo.html"')
('attachment', {'filename': 'foo.html'})

Source: pyrates/multifruits

Parameters

data (str) – Content-Disposition header value.

Returns

Disposition type and fields.

Return type

tuple

cloudstorage.helpers.read_in_chunks(file_object, block_size=4096)[source]

Return a generator which yields data in chunks.

Source: read-file-in-chunks-ram-usage-read-strings-from-binary-file

Parameters

  • file_object (file object) – File object to read in chunks.

  • block_size (int) – (optional) Chunk size.

Yield

The next chunk in file object.

Yield type

bytes

Return type

Generator[Union[bytes, str], None, None]

cloudstorage.helpers.validate_file_or_path(filename)[source]

Return filename from file path or from file like object.

Source: rackspace/pyrax/object_storage.py

Parameters

filename (str or file) – File path or file like object.

Returns

Filename.

Return type

str or None

Raises

FileNotFoundError – If the file path is invalid.

Utility Functions

Utility methods for Cloud Storage.

cloudstorage.utils.rgetattr(obj, attr, default=<object object>)[source]

Get a nested named attribute from an object.

Example:

b = type('B', (), {'c': True})()
a = type('A', (), {'b': b})()
# True

Source: getattr-and-setattr-on-nested-objects

Parameters

  • obj (object) – Object.

  • attr (str) – Dot notation attribute name.

  • default (object) – (optional) Sentinel value, defaults to object().

Returns

Attribute value.

Return type

object

cloudstorage.utils.rsetattr(obj, attr, val)[source]

Sets the nested named attribute on the given object to the specified value.

Example:

b = type('B', (), {'c': True})()
a = type('A', (), {'b': b})()
rsetattr(a, 'b.c', False)
# False

Source: getattr-and-setattr-on-nested-objects

Parameters

  • obj (object) – Object.

  • attr (str) – Dot notation attribute name.

  • val (object) – Value to set.

Returns

NoneType

Return type

None

Exceptions

Exceptions for Cloud Storage errors.

exception cloudstorage.exceptions.CloudStorageError(message)[source]

Base class for exceptions.

exception cloudstorage.exceptions.NotFoundError(message)[source]

Raised when a container or blob does not exist.

exception cloudstorage.exceptions.IsNotEmptyError(message)[source]

Raised when the container is not empty.

exception cloudstorage.exceptions.CredentialsError(message)[source]

Raised when driver credentials are invalid.

exception cloudstorage.exceptions.SignatureExpiredError[source]

Raised when signature timestamp is older than required maximum age.

Logging

By default, Cloud Storage logs to logging.NullHandler. To attach a log handler:

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger('cloudstorage')
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

formatter = logging.Formatter(
    '%(asctime)s - %(name)s.%(funcName)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

ch.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(ch)

Other

Changelog

1.0.0 (Unreleased)

Features

0.11.0 (2021-01-15)

Features

  • Atomic local file write (#68). Thanks @habibutsu.

  • New DigitalOcean Spaces Driver (#67). Thanks @RangelReale.

Bugs

  • Convert bytes to str before saving the json file for Windows Xattr simulator (#66). Thanks @RangelReale!

  • Handle pathlib.Path properly for Blob.download download and Container.upload_blob (#65). Thanks @sibowsb!

  • Fix Bob NotFoundError message for AWS driver (#64). Thanks @sibowsb!

0.10.1 (2020-04-20)

Features

  • Add support to mimic xattr in Windows by storing data in .<filename>.xattr (#56). Thanks @RangelReale.

  • Add support for python 3.8.

Bugs

  • Freeze package azure to version 4.0.0 (#58).

  • Drop support for python 3.4 due to PyYAML requirement !=3.4.*.

0.10.0 (2019-08-10)

Bugs

  • Azure get_blob raises TypeError when Content MD5 missing in remote (#47). Thanks @matt-carr.

  • AzureStorageDriver reads stream twice without rewinding (#44). Thanks @matt-carr.

  • Update package dependencies to fix tests (#43).

Changes from 0.9.0:

  • Azure driver will issue a warning if Content MD5 is not populated.

  • Google driver tests will not run if credentials file is not present.

0.9.0 (2018-11-29)

Features

  • Driver authentication can be verified using DriverName.validate_credentials() (#34).

Changes from 0.8.0:

  • Initializing GoogleStorageDriver with an invalid credentials file will raise CredentialsError exception instead of CloudStorageError.

0.8.0 (2018-11-06)

Features

  • Blob and Container’s meta_data is now a case insensitive dictionary.

  • Add new driver for Minio Cloud Storage (#25). Install driver requirements with: pip install cloudstorage[minio].

Other

  • Move to src folder structure for package.

0.7.0 (2018-10-03)

Features

  • Cache-Control supported for Amazon, Google, Local, and Microsoft (#11).

  • Each driver’s package dependencies are now optional (#4).

Other

  • Remove rackspace package dependency rfc6266_parser.

  • Add flake8 linting and sphinx doc building to tox and travis.

0.6 (2018-07-24)

  • Copy metadata from setup.py to setup.cfg

  • Add rate limit timeout when calling google cloud storage backend during tests.

  • Catch UnicodeDecodeError when decoding local file attribute values.

  • Upgrade dependencies and include requirements.txt and dev-requirements.txt.

0.5 (2018-02-26)

  • Update rackspacesdk to 0.7.5 and fix broken API calls (#14).

0.4 (2017-08-29)

  • Implement Microsoft Azure Storage driver (#1).

  • Google upload_blob is failing for binary stream (#7 and #8).

  • Fixed type annotations using mypy.

  • Formatted code using flake8 recommendations.

0.3 (2017-05-24)

  • Fixes #6: Add kwargs to each driver’s init method.

0.2 (2017-04-21)

  • Add pip cache to travis yml file to speed up tests.

  • Set wheel python-tag to py3 only

  • Set tox to pass all env variables to py.test

  • Add travis repo encrypted env variables for running tests.

0.1 (2017-04-20)

  • First release.

Authors

Lead

Contributors

License

MIT License

Copyright (c) 2017 Scott Werner

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.